



^0 














■^_ C.V' * 









^oV" 







-f^ 



jP-t: 






U- -^r. C^ 



^y V •'.'^ 



k". ^ ,^ 



4 o 











.<i^' . 



^oV" 






V. 



,0 






.40, 



^°-"^. 












^r. 












K^ 



,H q. 



^^-'^^ 



^^0^ 
A^^ 



<^. 



.v^. 



.^^ 



,-i^ 



.4 o^ 









-f 



s 



Hq, 



"^^ 









-^' 



> 






/ .V ">.. \ 






tz-o^ 



't^.o^ 



^^^-^^^ 



.^ 



40. 



^. 









V V ^. 



> ^-^ o " c , '^o 




'■^0^ 






^"-^^ 



^. 



>* ^V 







4 O 



* A 






■<r. 'o . » 









<5> * » « o ' ^ 

V 



"v.** .#-&•• \./ .*'jfe'-. ^-^^^ .-klfe". ^- .4-^ ■' " 





* . '^ ^ . ^yiv^^' ,^^ -^^^ --^^p^,* . -^^ "^ . %^.^^^^/ ^^^^ ^^^^ -X: 













Clarke County, Ga 



AND THE 



City of Athens 



BY 

CHARLES MORTON STRAHAN, C. M. E. 

Professor of Civil Engineenng, University of Georgia, and County 
Siti'veyor of Clarke Connty. 



CONTAINING 

MAl^S OF THE CITY AND COUNTY 

AIMD I l_l_U ©-rF=? ATIONS. 



For Sale by the Author at $1 00. 
copyrighted. 



ATHKNS, GEORGIA. 

1893., 






CHAS. P. BYRD, PRINTER, 

ATLANTA, GA. 

1893. 



LIBRAkV C CONG-vESS 

OCT B 1^^4 



DOCUMFf<JtS PiViSlON 



PREFACE, 



This hand-book ot Clarke county, Georgia, and the city of Athens, is prepared 
with three distinct objects in view : 

First. To place on record the main facts of the history, development, and pres- 
ent status of the county and all its interests. 
Second. To direct the attention of visitors and settlers to the manifest advan- 
tages which the county affords for capital and residence. 
Third. To indicate to other counties, by example, the means of making known 
in complete and permanent form their several advantages. 
The statements of the book have been verified from the best sources of 
information, and are made without exaggeration. The maps are reliable, based 
upon actual surveys made by J. W. Barnett, C. E., the present city engineer of 
Athens, Capt. W. W. Thomas, C. E., and by the author in his capacity as county 
surveyor. 

The publication is made under the sanction of the county and city authorities, 
and with the valuable aid of the ofifacial'-fec^t'ds. Th-eauthof- acknowledges his 
indebtedness to the county and city officers for the courteous assistance rendered, 
and to Dr. H. C. White, Prof. David C. :^aVrow, Jr.,' and Dr. ^. C. Benedict for 
special contributions published under their names. \ 

To the public, at large, the authbrQffei'.lihi&^'tfia&ks for the kind words and 
encouragement with which they have greeted the undertaking, 

CHARLES MORTON STRAHAN. 

Engineering Department, University of Georgia, Athens, 1893. 



CONDENSED OUTLINE. 



Clarke county lies in the northeastern section of the State, sixty miles east 
of Atlanta, the State capital. The county is situated in sight of the Blue Ridge 
mountains, along the ridges which lead downward to the sea, and at a general 
elevation of 800 feet above the sea level. 

Climate. — The climate is as fine for health and for agriculture as can be found 
anywhere. The average temperature in summer is 74° F., in winter 47° F., and 
the annual rainfall 54 in-ches. The county has never been visited by serious 
epidemics, and the general healthfulness is proverbial. 

Farming. — The farming lands of the county are of strong red clay soil, arising 
from the disintegration of granitic and schistose rocks. Their natural fertility, 
coupled with open seasons and abundant rainfall, afford generous returns to the 
intelligent cultivator of cotton, corn, oats, barley, hay and truck garden products. 

Manufacturing. — The county is remarkably adapted to manufactures. The 
natural water system is very extensive, and the flow of its rivers and streams is 
abundant at all seasons. No less than seven large water powers on the two 
rivers, aggregating 6,000 H. P., are found, and a large number of smaller sites on 
the creeks furnish powers of from 5 to 50 H. P. each. The county map will show 
the positions of most of these powers and how utilized at present. 

Ediicatioji. — The educational interests of this county are second to none in 
the State. In the city of Athens, the county seat, the State University, with a 
large faculty and extensive equipment, finds its home. The city public school 
system, recognized as the most thoroughly organized and best managed system 
in the State, is also here. The Lucy Cobb Institute, for young ladies, the fore- 
most seminary in the State, and the Home School, so admirably conducted by 
Miss Sosnowski, give every educational facility to young ladies. Throughout the 
county public schools are held at convenient points during five months of the 
year, and several private schools of good grade supplement their work. 

Religion.— ■T\i& prevailing religious denominations are the Baptist and 
Methodist, but the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Christian, and Roman Catholic 
Churches are represented. Eighteen church structures, nine of which are in 
the city, with periodic services, are an index of the religious work done. 

Commercial. — The. business interests of the county largely hang upon the 
items of cotton, manufactures, and heavy groceries. The receipts of cotton im 
Athens have reached 90,000 bales, representing a money value of ^3,500,000'. 
The aggregate business of the community is close to 1^13,000,000 per year. Strong 
houses in cotton, manufactures, groceries, dry goods, crockery, hardware, jewelry 
and clothing, give variety and vigor to the business life. Athens has the reputa- 
tion of being a good market in which both to buy and sell. 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. 7 

Rai/roads.— The concentration of four railroad lines at Athens affords ready 
transportation, both to and from all points in the country. These roads, by their 
connections, give through rates from the North and East by two competing 
lines, from the West by two also; from the South by one, and from the south- 
eastern seaboard by three routes. Few points in the county are more than five 
miles from some railroad station. 

Government. — The county and city throughout their history have been favored 
with conservative management — in the hands of the white people. The county 
has a bonded debt of $39,500, and the annual State and county taxes are .00775 
cents on the dollar. City property is subject to an additional tax of .0110 cents 
on the dollar, The city bonded debt is $225,000. The property return for taxa- 
tion amounts to $7,500,000, of which $6,500,000 is in the city of Athens. The 
county is governed by an ordinary and grand jury; the city, by mayor and coun- 
cil of eight members. 

Population. — The population of the county, as given by the nth census, 
shows the following figures : White, 7,072; colored, 8,114; total, 15,186 These 
are believed to be too low by 10 per cent., particularly as to white population. 
The two races live in harmony and obey the law. The white population of the 
county is unusually intelligent, conservative, progressive, and generous of wel- 
come to those who cast their lots in this county. The negroes are peaceable and 
well disposed, and form the larger portion of the labor to be had in this section. 

The county seat is the city of Athens, one of the best business points in the 
State, and with a population of 10,000 people. 

The city has electric lights, electric street cars, gas, brick sidewalks, public 
schools, a paid fire department with electric fire alarm, free postal delivery, and 
is now building a splendid system of waterworks to furnish power as well as 
domestic and sanitary supply. In the last ten years the city valuation has 
increased from $3,400,000 to $6,400,000. Sewers have been built, and bonds are 
now on hand for paving the city streets with macadam and belgian blocks. An 
excellent telegraph and telephone service is supplied throughout the city. The 
city supports an excellent daily and weekly newspaper, TJie Athens Bannet, by- 
name. 




Residence of J. R. White, Whitehall. 



CLARKE COUNTY. 



Historical. — That portion of the 
State of Georgia which now bears the 
name of Clarke county was originally a 
part of the county of Franklin until after 
the revolutionary war. In 1784, by act 
of the Legislature, the county of Jack- 
son was cut off from Franklin, thereby 
including the territory which was after- 
wards allotted in 1801, by a similar leg- 
islative act, to the county of Clarke. 
There is a spot near the northern boun^ 
dary of the present county, marked by 
the remains of old chimnies, as the site 
of an Ind'an trading station, named 
Clarkesborough. This town was named 
in honor of General Elijah Clarke, of 
revolutionary fame, and suggested, no 
doubt, the name for the new county cut 
off in 1801. As laid down by the act of 
the Legislature at that time, the boun- 
dary of Clarke county began on the 
Appalachee river at the mouth of Mar- 
bury creek, thence ran in a straight line 
to Easeley's mill on Middle Oconee 
river ; thence in a direct line to where 
Brush creek, now Beaver Dam creek, 
crosses the Oglethorpe ci-unty line. 
These two lines were approximately east 
in direction and constituted the north- 
ern boundary. From the corner on 
Brush creek the line ran in a general 
southerly direction with the county of 
•Oglethorpe until the Oconee river was 
reached, thence westerly along the 
Greene county line to the Appalachee 
river, and thence up the said river in a 
general northwestern direction to the 
beginning corner. The area included 
-was about 25c square miles, and the 
population scarcely more than a few 



hundred white settlers The Indians 
still roamed over this area, and property 
and life were held at the owner's risk. 
In the same year, Governor John Mil- 
ledge, by a gift of 633 acres of land near 
the center of the northern half of the 
county, secured the location upon it of 
the Sta'e University, known as Frank- 
lin College, and induced Josiah Meigs, 
LL. D., a professor in Yale College, to 
assume the presidency and open the 
college. No more heroic educator can be 
found in the annals of this country than 
Dr. Meigs. Leaving a safe abode and 
comfortable support, he came to Geor- 
gia, settled in a wilderness, and there in 
a log house, within hearing of the war 
whoop of the Cherokee Indians, taught 
and graduated the first class of the Uni- 
versity in 1804. 

At the time he settled here there was. 
but one other house, and the chief at- 
traction was the beautiful hill country 
and a large spring of beautiful freestone 
water, which, for many years, was used 
as the town spring, but is now flowing 
in underground pipes beneath the side- 
track that runs back of the Reaves cot- 
ton warehouse. The college grounds 
covered the adjoining hill top on which 
the University Campus now stands. It 
was covered with magnificent oaks and 
hickories, many of which still beautify 
the grounds In the course of a few 
years a number of houses were built> 
and in 1806 a town charter was obtained 
and the name of Athens chosen as clas- 
sical and appropriate to the college com- 
munity. From this small beginning, the 
town has become a citv witl: 10,000 in- 



10 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



habitants, and much of the business 
portion of the city is built on lots sold 
off from the original grant of Gov. Mil- 
ledge. 

When Athens became a town in 1806 
it was the most northern settlement in 
the State, and nearest to the borders of 
the Indian reservation. The first store 
was opened by Stevens Thomas, and 
the second by Elizur Newton. The 
descendants of these men still occupy 
prominent positions in the county. 

In 1802 the county government was 
duly established and a court house built 
at a point seven miles southwest of 
Athens in the town of Watkinsville, now 
the county seat of Oconee county. 

But few events of interest mark the 
early history of Clarke county beyond 
the gradual displacement of the Indians, 
the inflow of white settlers from adjoin- 
ing counties and states, and the con- 
tinued growth of Franklin College. As 
steps in the county development may be 
noted, the acts for the better regulation 
of the town of Athens in 1815 and 1831; 
some attempt at general education under 
the academy system and poor school 
fund begun in 1821 ; the establishment 
of an asylum for the invalid poor by the 
Superior Court in 1834; the incorpora- 
tion of the Presbyterian and Methodist 
Churches in 1828, of Mars Hill Baptist 
Church in 1834, of Emanuel Episcopal 
Church in 1843, under the pastorate of 
Rev. Wm. Stevens, afterwards the dis- 
tinguished Episcopal !t5ishopof Pennsyl- 
vania; the extension of the limits of 
Athens in 1840, and the enlargement of 
its charter in 1847; the establishment 
of the first volunteer fire company in 
1850 as the forerunner of a volunteer 
system, whose efficiency and bravery was 
for many years a noted page in the cur- 
rent history of Athens ; the organization 
of the Independent Blues as the first 



volunteer military company in 1843 ; and 
the disastrous fire an Watkinsville in 
1864, by which the court house and 
many valuable records of the county 
were destroyed. 

In the course of time the town of 
Athens out-stripped in growth and im- 
portance its rival of Watkinsville. The 
presence of the University was a power- 
ful factor, which not only brought a 
student population, but proved sufficient 
to attract many of the most cultured and 
well-to-do people of the State. 

The political organization of the 
University's governing board annually 
brought a large array of prominent 
people to witness the closing exercises 
of the college, and to hobnob over the 
political slates for coming campaigns. 

Ultimately a strong sentiment was 
developed to move the county seat from 
Watkinsville to Athens. The strength 
of this sentiment and the equal strength 
of the opposition at Watkinsville made 
it necessary to divide the county m order 
that peace and amity might once more 
reign. 

This was done by act of Legislature 
in 1875, just three years after Athens 
had been granted a charter which trans- 
formed it from a town to city. The 
southern half of the county was given a 
separate government, under the name of 
Oconee county, and took away from 
Clarke county rather more than half of 
its previous area. The division leaves 
Clarke county one of the smallest coun 
ties in the State in point of size, with 
an area of seventy-four thousand and 
twelve acres, equivalent to one hundred 
and fifteen and six-tenths square miles.- 
The boundaries of this territory are giverL 
in subsequent pages. Titles to the land 
run directly back to State grants made 
at the time when this section was wild 
lands. It is a fact of some interest that 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



11 



Count Destaing was the first holder of 
three grants of 5,000 acres each m this 
and adjoining counties. 

The part which Clarke county played 
in the war between the States is one of 
which she may well be proud. The 
names of her sons were high in both 
cabinet and field, and their unflinching 
courage is embalmed in the blood which 
they so freely shed. It is the part of 
others to pay them the full tribute of 
their worth ; these pages must be content 
to record them as true, honorable, con- 
scientious and devoted patriots. Clarke 
county was severely crushed by the war ; 
most of her best men dead, the negroes 
all made free, and Utile beside the bare 
lands left. Notwithstanding these con- 
ditions, the last twenty years have in 
creased the population of the present 
county from 7,641 to 16,000, and her tax- 
able property from two to seven and one- 
half millions. 

In the past Clarke county has fur- 
nished the State and nation with a long 
list of distinguished citizens, and to-day 
she yields to none a superiority in the 
intelligence, the integrity, the energy, 
and the patriotism of her people. 

Geographical. — The geography 
of Clarke county is shown in detail on 
the map published herewith. It is nec- 
essary simply to call attention to the 
main features of that map. The sur- 
rounding counties, taken in order to the 
right from the north, are Jackson, Mad- 
ison, Oglethorpe and Oconee. The 
various acts of the Legislature, by virtue 
of which certain farms have been 
changed back and forth from Clarke to 
the adjacent counties, previous to the 
Constitution of 1877, will account for the 
irregularity of outline at several points 
of the northern boundary. 

The county is located in that section 
of the State known as Northeast Geor- 



gia, and in the eastern borders of the 
first Indian reservation. One of the 
present corners is known as Cherokee 
corner, and was the southeastern corner 
of the Indian reserves. 

The county lies between latitude N. 
33° 48' and N. 34° 4', and longitude west 
of Greenwich 83° 13' and 83° 29'. 

The general water systems, as deter- 
mined by the foot hills of the moun 
tains, has a southeasterly trend. The 
two principal rivers are the forks of the 
Oconee river, which meet in the South- 
ern part of the county. The Aneroid 
barometer was used to obtain relative 
elevations above the sea levels, and these 
readings are recorded in clear type on 
the stream crossings and ridges. They 
show that the county is a succession of 
high ridges with broad backs, and whose 
sides descend rapidly as the streams are 
reached. The original forest is oak and 
hickory mixed with pine ; the soil is of 
strong red clay type, arising from the 
disentegration of metamorphic rocks, 
and the general appearance of the 
county has all the characteristics of that 
belt of country lying forty miles from 
the Blue Ridge range in Virginia and 
the Carolinas. 

Under the heading of Water System, 
Militia Districts and Geology, the reader 
may gather a detailed picture of the 
topography and resources of this county. 

Boundaries. — The boundaries of 
Clark(i county, as shown on the present 
map, are based upon the recognized 
limits in vogue amongst the residents 
along the county line. No official records 
are extant defining the county lines with 
greater exactitude than the following 
description : 

The northwest corner of the county 
is in a field, about three hundred yards 
northeast of Thompson's mill, on Little 
Bear creek, being the point where the 



OLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA. 



three counties of Clarke, Oconee and 
Jackson run together. This corner is not 
definitely marked by any monument. 
The line between Jackson and Clarke 
runs from this corner in a straight line 
to a point on the Middle Oconee river 
known in old descriptions as Easeley's 
mill, and by the present generation as 
the old Patman mill place. Thence up 
the west side of the Middle Oconee river 
about one mile and a quarter to the 
Tallasee bridge. The line crosses the 
river on this bridge, and follows the 
public road, leaving Fowler's mill and 
Prospect church to the' left, to a large 
black gum tree on the eastern side of 
the road. From thence the line runs to 
an oak tree on the west side of the 
Nowhere road, and about one-fourth of a 
mile north of the dwelling of B. J. Porter- 
field, being the corner between Clarke, 
Jackson and Madison counties. This 
line crosses the Jefferson road at a small 
bridge one-half mile from Gum Spring, 
crosses the Cub creek road at an old 
dead tree, about 200 yards south of 
George Walton's dwelling, crosses the 
Harmony Grove road dt a large white 
oak tree near Black's Station on the 
Northeastern Railroad, and when it 
strikes the lands of T. F. Hudson, 
follows around the land lines of said 
property as shown on the county map, 
and thence to the oak corner aforesaid. 
The line between Clarke and Madison 
runs in a straight line, as shown on the 
map, until it reaches the northeastern 
corner of the county, on the lands of 
Lemuel J. Edwards, where the county 
line is very irregular, bending first with 
the public road and afterwards with the 
land lines of Edwards' farm. The author 
was unable to locate a similar irregularity 
said to exist on the property of Richard 
Saulter, where the Danielsville road 
crosses into Madison county. The ex- 



planation of these irregularities is found 
in the former practice of the State Leg- 
islature, which permitted a farmer whose 
land lay on the countv lines to change, by 
special act, the county in which he lived, 
upon any caprice. The law now pre- 
vents such vacillation. A striking result 
of the old practice is seen at the north- 
east corner of the county, where the 
triangle, just outside of Clarke, belong- 
ing to Madison county, is entirely dis- 
connected from Madison by territory of 
Clarke and Oglethorpe counties. 

The line between Clarke and Ogle- 
thorpe leaves Edwards' land as shown, 
striking the Beaver dam road near the 
residence of Henry Atkisson, thence fol- 
lowing along that road to a stone monu" 
ment where the fork to Winterville leads 
off to the left. From this point the 
present county surveyor of Clarke and 
Prof. T. B. Moss, on the part of Ogle- 
thorpe county, have under due authority 
surveyed and marked with granite cor- 
ners, properly lettered, the dividmg line 
between Oglethorpe and Clarke to the 
chestnut corner at Big Creek Church. 
The maps of the survey are placed in the 
county court house in Athens, and show 
the following bearings and distances : 
S. 0° 50' E., 7,100 feet, passing through 
the town of Winterville to the west of 
Pittard's store to a stone corner on the 
public road, thence S. io^° E., 4,086 
feet to a stone corner at the foot of the 
old black gum corner, thence S. 2)8° E. 
17,300 feet to a stone corner in field 
1,500 feet north of Lexington road and 
near the Thomas spring ; thence S- 
25§^° W. 23,170 feet to the old chestnut 
corner now marked by granite post and 
being the corner between Clarke, Ogle- 
thorpe and Oconee counties. The line 
between Clarke and Oconee counties 
from this point lollows the public road 
to the middle of Barnett's bridge; thence 



AND THE CITY OF ATHEXS. IS 

up the Oconee river following the west- the grand jury, which meets twice each 
ern fork to the mouth of Paper Mill year, during the sessions of the Superior 
creek; thence up said creek to the Court in April and October, 
bridge on the public road; thence fol- The Ordinary has supervision and con- 
lowing McNutt's creek to a large stone trol over all county property, over high- 
on the east side of the Monroe public ways, bridges and ferries, over the coun- 
road, a point formerly known as the site ty poor house and convicts, over county 
of Barnard's mill, and thence in a health regulations, police, peddling and 
straight line to the beginning corner the like, and a judicial capacity over the 
near Thompson's mill. The latter part legal procedure in winding up estates 
of the line crosses the Lawrenceville and in cases of insanity. The executive 
road about 300 feet east of Jackson's acts of the Ordinary are all subject to 
store. This description gives the ac- revision and endorsement by the grand 
cepted limits of the county. That many jury. 

of them should be more definitely marked The duties of the remaining officers 

goes without saying. The information are well understood by all. It is proper 

here given will serve as a good basis to call attention to the fact that present- 

upon which future surveys may be ments to the grand jury are in general 

equitably made. mandatory on all county officers, and 

Government. -Clarke county, ^iHs receiving such endorsement are 

under the general laws of the State, and P^''^ ^y the County Treasurer without 

under the constitution of 1887, is a dis- f^^^her question. The county officers 

tinct political organization, having exclu- ^^^ ^11 required to take oath of office 

sive charge of its own local affairs. ^nd to furnish bond m the following 

Its officers are chosen by popular vote amounts . 

and hold office for the term of two years Bond. 

except the Ordinary, whose term is four CJrdmary $ i 000 

years. The county elections take place Treasurer 60 000 

in January, on the first Wednesday. It Clerk of Superior Court. ... 3 000 

is a well recognized practice in the ^^^ Receiver 25 000 

county to nominate the candidates for Tax Collector i ... 40 000 

office by means of primary elections. \ *- ^° county ... 50 000 

The nominees of these primaries expect ->neniT. 10 000 

and usually receive the full support of County Surveyor i 000 

the county. From this practice it re- Coroner 500 

suits that the county government is uni- The salaries of all county officers are 

formly stable and strong. The county paid either by fees or by percentage on 

officers regularly elected are eight in money handled. 

number, and with the titles of Ordinary, The grand jury numbers not more 

Treasurer, Tax Receiver, Tax Collector, than 23 or less than 18 men, drawn from 

Sheriff, Clerk of the Superior Court, the list of grand jurors. This list con - 

County Surveyor, and Coroner. Of tains the names of the best men in the 

these the County Ordinary is the most county, whose mental and moral qualifi- 

important officer, having in charge the cation and material interests are such as 

executive management of the county to make them wise and conservative 

affairs subject to the presentments of guardians of the public welfare. It is 



u 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



an unwritten law that any large expen- 
ditures for the good of the county must 
first receive the sanction of the grand 
jury. The grand jury list in this county 
is passed upon by six jury commissioners, 
and numbers one hundred and five 
names. 

As is common throughout this coun- 
try, the grand jury has power to find 
criminal indictments against lawbreakers 



Clarke county belongs to the Western 
Judicial Circuit, over which Judge N. 
L. Hutchms, of Lawrenceville, has pre- 
sided during the past ten years with dis- 
tinguished ability and unquestioned 
fairness. 

The eight militia districts in the 
county have each a Justice of the Peace, 
before whom lawbreakers are brought 
in criminal cases, and in civil cases where 




Public School Building, Washington Street. 



of all grades, thereby bringing offenders 
to trial before the Superior Court. 

The Ordinary, Tax Receiver, Tax Co - 
lector and Treasurer, under ihe law, are 
constituted a board to fix the rate of 
county taxation. They meet early in 
September and determine the percent- 
age which will raise a sum sufficient to 
defray the probable county expenditures. 



the sum involved does not exceed one 
hundred dollars. 

Tiie city of Athens has instituted un- 
der its charter a City Court, with certain 
county jurisdiction, bci ore which a large 
class of offenders may he brought to trial. 

Property Valuation. — Though 

small in size, the tot I tax returns for 



AXD THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



15 



the county reach a large figure, and a 
comparison reaching back for the past 
decade shows rapid growth. The factors 
which have been at work to produce 
these results have been many. Notably, 
the advent of two new lines of railroads, 
the presence and success of several large 
cotton mills, the progressive energy of 
the merchants and farmers of the county 
and the splendid educational facilities 
which are offered through the University 
of Georgia, the Lucy Cobb Institute, 
and the Athens Public School system. 
The actual fiffures in the table below 



speak for themselves. A careful perusal 
of them will show the solid financial 
basis upon which the county stands, the 
profits which have accrued to investors, 
and the bright future in store for the 
present inhabitants and those who may 
locate here. 

The variations in the district returns 
are largely due to the fact that the same 
property is often returned in different 
districts from year to year. Much of 
the land of the county is owned in the 
city and there returned. 



Year 



Table Showing Property Returns by Districts. 

WHITE. 



Athens 
Georgia Factory 

Purgear's 

Sandy Creek 
Buck Branch 

Bradbeiry 

Kinney's 
Princeton . . . 

Tot 1.. 



1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 j 1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


3,402,795 


3,578.90.. 


3.848,260 


3,y8!<,900 


3,940,250 4,01*4,895 


l.a93.805 


4,511,127 


5,440,740 


315 6cO 


318,415 


320.085 


32:^,145 


270,965 287,510 


276,955 


312,775 


315,105 


79,625 


96,375 


1('2,615 


111 525 


'06.725 101895 


101.905 


103,930 


113.145 


74.9115 


74,790 


80,530 


94 065 


91,570, 90,-115 


92,115 


8>*,:i20 


103,980 


131,380 


145.5o5 


134.640 


136,825 


134 ■i70 ]3;/.0Ou 


147 210 


166,885 


176,3i.O 


117,920 


1--'1.804 


129.740 


90 640 


85.91)0 81.855 


62,475 


79,265 


90,450 


581,645! 569.035 


632,480 


602,790 


659,260 61u,l 80 


5al,591 


641,020 


128,925 


*Cut offiin 189., 






1 








4,707,950 


4,904,854 


5,248,375 


5,346,890 


5,288.740 5,198,650 


5.685.155 


5,903.322 


6,366,915 



1891 I 189J 



6,111,2115 6 
2G8.260 
125.41)0, 
111.645: 
178,405 
762110 
147,700| 
38 640 
7,057 44517. 



.169,905 
258,645 
111,015 
106,505 
189,770 

71 .,875 
245,855 

38,800 
,191,480 



Year.. . . 


1882 ]8s'3 1 1884 1 1885 1 1886 18»7 1888 1>89 
155,370 171,475 178,535 179 9451 181,250 192,195 206,50) 212 645 


1890 1 1891 1 1892 


Total by Colored.. 


249,700 2'<5,950 .93,835 


Grand Total for Co. . 


4,863,320 5,076,329 5,426,h10 5,526.935 5,469,990 5,590.845 5,891,655 6,115,987 


6,616,615 7,353,395 7,485,315 


Kate County Tax 


.0045 .0)45, .0040 .0045; .00350 .00377 .00356 .00450 


.00396 .0(151)8, .00410 


Rate State lax 


.003' .(030' (030 .ni3(i| .Ii025i» .(x.323 .00^90 .0^300 


■C0304 0029 ^ .00365 


) Whites .. 


36,557.12 35.522.33 37.997.62 41,381. 67 33,066.44 39,255.90 38.519.84 42,866.75 


46.341.11 5S,22:;.68 57,468.32 


Am't raised / Colored . 


2,112.271 2,1>.8.32 2,263.74 2.-il2.ri8 2,063. rO, 2,4ii5.76! 2.^50.60, 2..M0.51 


2.S18 90 3,.576.6i) 3,283.24 


) Total 


38,069.49 37 ,69i).65 40,261.37 43,794 26 15,127.94 40,961.66 40,170.44 45,688.02 


49,160 01 61 860.28 6 ■,H29.66 



Table Showing Classification of the County Tax Returns, 1892. 



KIND OF PROPERTY. 


73 

C 

< 


o 
o 

O 


3 
Ph 


U 
>, 

c 

CO 


Buck Branch 


>. 

OJ 


(U 

c 


d 
o 

tj 
o 

"C 
Oh 


Farming Lauds 


734,0 '0 
3 l:!l 995 














City Rt-al Estate. 

Ho'isehold and Kitchen Furniture 








11,445 

755 

11,830 

4,080 

6,280 

485 


2,590 

145 

5.281 

1,900 

60 

13' 


'8,0:i5 

705 

1 1 850 




267515 
52.515 

10 i. 1)40 
41.520 

380,465 
8,6.10 

430 200 

8W1,515 

610.000 
40,^50 
50 000 

384 55 ) 
45,000 
17,775 


5.375 
1.345 
4.875 


3.415 

775 
7.SQ0 


4,250 
390 
7,235 
2520 
2,300 
890 


4,485 
4S0 

3 KQ.^i 


Jewelry.. 

Live Stock .... .... 


Tools ... 


1,3.50 2.2R5 


3 370 1 (^'>^ 


Merchandise 


425 

40,000 
23,035 


2 250 
2,105 


2.215 
375 


535 


Crops 

Stocks and Bonds 


155 


Money and Solvent Delfts 

Banks 


4,740 


8,815 


25,525 


7,240 


22,9(i0 


.!,870 


Building and Loan 












2,510 




Gas and Electric Plants 














Cotton Mills 














Foundry 










78(1 




Other Property 


500 


770 


1,980 


3,235 


395 



16 



CLARKE COVNTY, GEORGIA, 



Taxes. — The vital question of taxa- 
tion in this county has always been man- 
aged with conservatism and equity. The 
state also has always been economical ; 
so that together the rate for state and 
county purposes is y% mills on the dol- 
lar, $775 on $1,003.00. Of this $4.10 
on each $1,00000 goes to the state 
treasurer and $3.65 is used for county 
purposes. 

In 1892 the total taxes collected under 
this levy was $60,669.66, of which $32,- 
154.57 went to the state and $28,515.09 
went for county purposes. 

Ihe county income is distributed 
under the following funds and percent- 
ages : 

To pay legal debts 7% 

Repair fund for bridges and county 

buildings ii% 

Officers' salaries 4% 

Coroner's expenses 1% 

Witnesses, bailiffs, servants, etc . 7% 

Jurors 13% 

Poor house fund 2% 

Lawful charges 15% 

General and contingent fund . . 40% 



100% 
None of the adjoining counties make 
so small a levy. Property is returned 
for taxation based on the holdings on 
April first of each year. Lands are 
given in at a figure which is about three- 
fourths of the real value to the owner. 
Returns are made under oath to the tax 
receiver on or before the ist day of 
July, and are due to the county tax col- 
lector on or before December 20th. 

The legislature instituted in 1890 a 
board of tax equalizers for each county, 
but this law was repealed in 1892. 

The bonded debt of the county is 
$39>500-00j largely incurred in building 
the county court house. The county 
owns the court house property, the 
pauper farm and buildings, six good 
wooden bridges over the Oconee river. 



four bridges over the Middle Oconee 
and a sixth-sevenths interest in the 
Tallasee bridge, the Paper Mill bridge, 
Simonton bridge and Baraett's bridge. 
The total valuation of county property 
may be placed at $66,100. 

Railroads. — Four railroads trav- 
erse the county, centering in Athens, 
and affording every advantage of local 
and distant transportation. Of these 
the Georgia R. R. was the first to reach 
the county in 1846, followed by the 
Northeastern R. R. in 1876, the Macon 
and Northern R. R. in 1887, and the 
Georgia, Carolina and Northern R. R. 
in 1891. 

Roads. — The road system of the 
county is thoroughly developed. Main 
lines of road traverse the county in every 
direction from Athens, leading to im- 
portant trade centers in adjoining coun- 
ties, and placing the lands of the county 
in easy reach of the markets. 

The county maps will show the exact 
position and distances along these roads. 
The roads are worked under the " per- 
sonal service" system, and have a total 
length of 95 miles measured from the 
county courthouse. 

Population Centers. — The 

population of the county is in great part 
congregated at a comparatively few 
points. The following table will sho\v 
these points and inhabitants at each— 
approximately : 

City of Athens 10,000 

Winterville 350 

Whitehall 525 

Princeton 225 

Paper Mill 150 

Tuckton 100 

McClesky's 60 

On the farms 4j590 



Total 16,000 

These figures are in excess of the 
census returns for 1890, but are believed 
to be a fairer and more complete record 
of the county population. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



17 



CLIMATE AND HEALTH. 



BY SAMUEL C. BENEDICT, M.D. 



That Clarke county, Ga., is a very 
healthy county it is hardly necessary to 
argue, for its altitude, average tempera- 
ture, humidity, rainfall, amount of cloud- 
iness, and its drainage, coupled with the 
fact that it lies in the Piedmont escarp- 
ment and among the lesser foothills of 
the southern slope of the Blue Ridge 
mountains, is sufficient evidence to the 
scientific mquirer that it must be a 
healthy district. Its climate compares 
favorably in respect to the above condi- 
tions with well recognized health resorts, 
as tables herewith will show. 

The county is traversed by numerous 
streams, all flowing in a southernly and 
southeasterly directions — streams suf- 
ficiently large to be called rivers. Its 
surface is rolling in almost its entire 
extent, and in most portions very hilly, 
furnishing thereby one of the chief 
causes of its healthfulness — natural 
drainage. These streams are not slug- 
gish, slowly moving waters, such as 
would be found in level countries ; are 
not bordered by low, level banks which, 
in freshets, would allow of easy and far- 
reaching overflows, but rapid, and with 
sufficiently elevated banks to carry off 
quickly the surplus of water from heavy 
rains. As a result of this condition the 
county is remarkably free from swamps, 
lagoons or long standing water, and, 
notwithstanding the statements of some 
of the laity and a few physicians, mala- 
rial diseases, especially chills and fever, 
are almost unknown. 

The factors conducing to the health 
of any climate are those of temperature, 



humidity or air moisture, wind, rainfall 
and amount of cloudiness. 

The average temperature of Clarke 
county can best be determined by a 
division of the year into months or sea- 
sons, and taking this method of arriving 
at its statistics, the writer has availed 
himself in the following statements of 
the records kept at the Signal Service 
Station at the University of Georgia, at 
Athens, the county seat. We find that 
for the months of January, February 
and March the average daily tempera- 
ture to be 42° F. For April, May and 
June 72°; for July, August and Septem- 
be 74°, and for October, November and 
December 52° F. The mean of the 
highest temperatures for the first three 
months of the year is 66°, for the suc- 
ceeding three months ending June 30, 
^6°; for July, August and September, 
91°; and for the three last months end- 
ing December 31, 71° F. The mean of 
the niiniminn temperatures for the same 
months is respectively 9, 36, 51 and 22 
degrees Fahrenheit. The observations 
were recorded for the seven years past, 
1885-1892. 

The temperature of a place is proba 
bly the most important of all the factors 
in determining the value of a place as a 
health resort, or as a place for healthy 
habitation, and especially is this true in 
respect to the utmost limits of heat and 
cold, the sudden changes of temperature 
to which a place may be subject and the 
relative temperature between day and 
night. In Clarke county the maximum 
summer temperature is seldom above 



18 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



94°, the average maximum being about 
90°, while the average minimum tem- 
perature is about 50°, this latter repre- 
senting the night temperature approxi- 
mately. With the exception of possibly 
two weeks in July, the heat of the day 
passes into cool nights, so that some 
form of covering is necessary for com- 
fortable sleeping. 

Next in importance to temperature is 
the degree of humidity of a climate, and 



Athens, the months of greatest humidity 
are January, August and September, and 
the lowest May, June and November, 
the difference, however, being very 
slight, with yy per cent, for maximum 
and 61 per cent, for minimum. 

The direction and velocity of its winds 
influence favorably or unfavorably the 
healthfulness of a climate. The prevail- 
ing winds here for January, April and 
October are westerly, with an average 




College Avenue Lookixg North. 



important. The greater the humidity 
the less the evaporating power of the 
atmosphere and the more sultry and 
close its feeling to the individual. 

The amount of sunshine, and fre- 
quency and velocity of winds determine 
the rapidity of evaporation. Taking, as 
is the custom, ioo as the standard for 
saturation of the amosphere by moisture, 
it is found that for the vicinity of 
for a certain class of invalids it is more 



velocity of 5 to lo miles per hour, and ac- 
companied by clear, cool and crisp 
weather. For the months of February, 
March, June, July, September and No- 
vember the prevailing winds are east- 
ernly, with a velocity of 5 to 15 miles, 
bringing in February and March cool 
rains, and in the other months refresh- 
ing short rains. The prevailing winds 
for August and December are southernly 
and the latter month, December, is often 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



19 



its entire length balmy and clear, per- 
fect Indian summer weather, showing by 
accurate tracings, taken for tne past 
seven years, an average of but nine 
cloudy and four rainy days. 

Rainfall. — The total amount of 
rainfall is of less importance, in point of 
health, than its distribution. As a 
general rule, it will be found that a place 
showing a very slight rainfall will possess 
a dry atmosphere, but for the invalid the 
distribution is of much greater moment 
than the amount. 

In Clarke county, owing to the nature 
of its soil, its natural drainage, its steady, 
moderate and breezy winds and its aver- 
age temperature, even a long rain is soon 
followed by dryness of both soil and at- 
mosphere, making it a climate where the 
period of confinement indoors is very 
short. 

The average rainfall for New York 
City is, in inches, for spring lo, summer 
12, autumn lo, and winter 9. For the 
whole year 42 inches. This includes 
melted snow. 

Charleston, S. C, the fall is, for spring 
14, summer 20, autumn 15, and winter 1 1 
inches. Total rainfall for the year 60 
inches. 

For Athens, it is for spring 12, summer 
16, autumn ii, and winter 14 inches. 
Total for the year 53 inches. Monthly 
average 4.41. 

The distribution for the past seven 
years shows for January, March, May, 
June, July and August 5 mches, 4.8 
inches for September, 3 inches each for 
November, December and October, and 



2 inches for May. February and March 
are the only months in which, from rain, 
the weather is disagreeable, but usually 
in February the spring opens up, as 
shown by early flowers and peach blos- 
soms and the beginning of early gar- 
dening. 

Cloudiness. — Lastly as to the 
amount of cloudiness. 

This condition is of importance not 
only as effecting the rapidity of evapora- 
tion, but also directly having an influence 
upon the health of its inhabitants by 
determining the amount of sunshine and 
warmth and consequently the time which 
can be spent out of doors. 

Observations by automatic tracings 
show for Athens, average per month in 
days, as following : 

January, February and March, cloudy, 
12 ; rainy, 7. 

April, May and June, cloudy, 7 ; 
rainy, 8. 

July, August and September, cloudy, 
9 ; rainy, 9. 

October, November and December, 
cloudy, 8 ; rainy, 3. 

A remarkably well distributed rainfall. 

For New York City the average clear 
days for the same divisions per month, 
are 7, 8, 8.5 and 8 respectively, and for 
Charleston, S, C, 11, 11, 10 and 12 clear 
days respectively. The annexed tables 
will, by comparison, show the climatic 
conditions of Aiken, S. C, Asheville, N. 
C, Augusta and Thomasville, Ga., and 
Athens, Ga. Atlanta and Marietta, Ga., 
have about the same climate as Athens. 
The altitude of Athens is 750 feet. 



Comparative Climates of Aiken, S. C, and Athens, Ga. 

1873—1884. 1885—1892. 





Av. Texp. 


PerCt. of Mean 


Av. Fair Days 


Av. Rainfall in' 


Wind, Miles per 






Humidity. 


per Month. 


Inches. i 


Hour. 


MONTHS. 


Aiken | Athens 


Aiken i Athens 


Aiken | Athens 


Aiken | At liens 


Aiken i Athens 


January 


70 


42 


65 


75 


19 


23 


3.64 


5.58 


3.60 


5 


February ..... 


64 


46 


54 


74 


20 


23 


3.26 


4.92 


3.70 


4 


March 


61 


49 


49 


68 


21 


22 


4.86 


5.89 


no obs 


5 


April 


49 


62. 


53 


61 


23 


24 


4.71 


1.97 


2.46 


4 


November 


59 


52 


63 


65 


19 


26 


3.43 


3.21 


3.23 


5 


December 


72 


44 


61 


70 


20 


25 


3.28 


3.57 


3.49 





Spring 


71 


60 


52 


67 


64 


70 


12.83 


13.. 37 


3.43 


4 


Winter 


78 


41 


63 


73 


59 


70 


10.35 


14.02 


3.09 


5 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 
Comparative Climates of Tl^omasville, Ga., and Atliens, Ga. 

1878—1884. 1885—1892. 





Av. -] 


L'emp. 


Mean Humidity 


Av. Fair Days. 


Av.Rainfall (in.) 


Velocity Winds 


MONTHS. 


Thosv. 


Athens 


Thosv. 1 Athens 


1 hosv. 


Athens 


Thosv. 1 Athens 


Thosv. 1 Athens 


January 

February 

March 

April- 


64 

54 
56 
55 
60 

67 
75 

83 
81 
57 
58 
69 
62 
38 
68 
72 


42 
46 
49 
62 
68 
75 
77 
76 
71 
58 
52 
44 
59 
75 
60 
52 


63.73 

62.86 
63.29 
62.75 
64.73 
64.73 
66.00 
69.92 
67.75 
tJ8.22 
66.64 
64.75 
62.44 
66.8^ 
67.53 
63.78 


75 
74 
68 
61 
66 
71 
74 
77 
75 
70 
65 
70 
65 
74 
70 
73 


23 
22 
24 

21 
24 
21 
20 
19 
22 
24 
24 
24 
69 
60 
70 
69 
268 


23 
23 

22 
24 
23 
21 
20 
20 
24 
26 
26 
25 
69 
61 
76 
71 
277 


3.41 

3.36 

3.92 

5.28 

3.74 

4.37 

4.69 

7.23 

3.83 

5.19 

2.69 

3.85 

13.94 

16.29 

11.71 

10.62 

51.56 


5.53 

4.92 

5.89 

1 97 

5.51 

5.07 

5.88 

5.71 

4.80 

2.96 

3.21 

3.57 

13.87 

16.66 

10.77 

11.02 

51.82 


5 
5 

9 
8 
4 
3 
3 
5 
6 
7 
8 
7 
7 
3 
7 
5 
5 


5 

5 
5 


May 


4 


June 


3 


Tulv .... 


4 


August 


4 


September. . 

October 


3 
5 


November 

December 

Spring 


5 
4 
5 


Summer. 

Autumn 

Winter 

Year 


4 
4 
5 
4.5 





















Comparative Climates of Asheville, N. C, and Atliens, Ga. 

1869—1880. 1885— 189ic. 



MONTHS. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

M ay 

October 

November 

December . . . . . 



Av. Temperature. 



Asheville | Athens 



37.70 
39.40 
45.50 
53.00 
61.70 
53 60 
44.60 
37.80 



42.37 
46.86 
49.73 
63.26 
68.78 
53.67 
52.54 
44 65 



Mean Humidity. 



Asheville | Athens 



67.13 
64.97 
59.51 
62.13 

68.67 
71.87 
66.38 
71.93 



75 

74 



61 
70 
65 
70 



Average Fair Days. 



Asheville I Athens 



17 
16 
25 
30 
29 
25 
23 
18 



23 
23 

32 
24 
23 
26 
26 
25 



Average Rainfall. 



Asheville 1 Athens 



2.62 
3.69 
4.30 
3.43 
3.50 
3.05 
2.90 
3.03 



5.53 

4.92 
5.89 
1.97 
5.51 
2.96 
3.31 
3.57 



Comparative Climates of Augusta, Ga., and Athens, Ga. 

1873—1883. 1886-1892. 



MONTHS. 

January 

February 

March . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October .. 

November .... 
December 



Av. Temperature. Mean Humidity. Average Fair Days. Average Rainfall, 



Augusta. I Athens. 



64 
60 
67 
69 

68 
84 



79 
63 
60 
70 



42 
46 
49 
62 
68 
75 
77 
76 
71 
58 
52 
44 



Augusta. I Athens. 



74 
68 
65 
64 
64 



73 

72 
71 
72 
73 



75 
74 
68 
iil 
66 
71 
74 
77 
75 
70 
65 
70 



Augusta. I Athens. 



30 
19 
22 
22 
•lb 
23 
24 
23 
33 
24 
20 
21 



32 
23 
22 
24 
23 
21 
20 
20 
24 
26 
26 
25 



Augusta. I Athens. 



4.64 
3.88 
5.86 
4.64 
3.09 
4.25 
4.46 
4.78 
3.97 
2.23 
4.29 
4.06 



5.58 
4.93 
5.89 
1.97 
5 51 
5.07 
5.88 
5.71 
4.80 
2.96 
3.21 
3.57 



AKI) THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



21 



Clarke county has no diseases peculiar 
to itself — there are no diseases endemic 
here. It has a climate peculiarly suited 
to be beneficial and curative to those 
suffering from diseases of the nose, 
throat and lungs, as well as for rheu- 
matics. Diphtheria is practically un- 
known, never as an epidemic, a few iso- 
lated cases occasionally occurring, but 
in some of those reported there is 
probably an error in diagnosis. In the 
city of Athens a half dozen cases have 
not been known in twice as many years. 
Chills and fever cases are almost as 
rarely found, never as affecting a whole 
neighborhood and usually then confined 
to some spot subject to rising and fall- 
ing daily water, as a mill-pond, an artifi- 
cial rather than a natural cause. The 
disease is so rare ni Athens that the 
statement that all cases of malarial dis- 
turbance found here are from an infec- 
tion outside the city and county limits 
would not be far from the truth. Pneu- 
monias are very rarely seen. Consump- 
tion, as developed from climatic condi- 
tions is almost never known, acquired 
consumption especially, and so unfavor- 
able is the climate for its development 
that persons with this disease find here 
not only relief from progressive changes 
but an entire arrest of the disease. 

Rheumatisms, especially acute inflam- 
matory, are seld m met with, this disease 
being almost as great a rarity as diph- 
theria or intermittent fever. Bright's 
disease, diabetes and other affections of 



the kidneys are so rare that in many 
years' experience many physicians of 
the county have never seen a case. In- 
deed such is the healthfulness of the in- 
habitants of Athens and its vicinity as 
to diseases the result of climate, that 
insurance companies find it a profitable 
field to work, a large proportion of its 
people carrying first-class policies, and 
the mortality of said policy holders is 
very low. 

Statistics of its diseases are not gen- 
erally kept by the physicians of the 
county, and therefore it is impossible to 
furnish any. A good way to judge of 
the healthfulness of a place is by the 
number of its resident practicing physi- 
cians. The proportion to population of 
physicians in the United States is i to 
350. In Athens, with a population of 
12,000, there are but 12 practicing phy- 
sicians, a ratio of i to 1,000, and in the 
county the proportion is still less. 

The writer has traveled or resided in 
most of the states and territories of the 
United States, and it is his opinion, 
formed after a residence of over ten 
years here, that for delightful climate 
and healthy inhabitants, and freedom 
from endemic or epidemic diseases, 
Clarke county especially, of all the coun- 
ties of Northeast Georgia noted for its 
delightful climate, has no superior. It 
would be a most excellent place for the 
establishment of a summer and winter 
hotel for invalids and travelers, or for a. 
sanitarium. 



22 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY. 

CHARACTER OF THE SOIL AND ITS AGRICULTURAL 

VALUE. 

H. C. WHITE, Ph. D., F. R. C. S. 



The geology of Clarke county is com- 
paratively simple. The entire county 
lies within what is known as the "meta- 
morphic" region, a formation which ex- 
tends over a large part of the northern 
portion of Georgia. In fact, if a line be 
drawn approximately straight across the 
State in a southwesternly direction, 
from Augusta, on the Savannah river, to 
Columbus on the Chattahoochee, all of 
the State north of this line is within the 
"metamorphic," excepting the ten coun- 
ties comprising the extremiC northwest- 
ern corner. Clarke county is, therefore, 
somewhat east of the center of this great 
formation. This metamorphic region is 
the mountainous or hilly portion of 
Georgia ; mountain-making and the 
metamorphism of rocks being due to 
the same general causes. Clarke county, 
however, lies rather upon the slopes and 
among the foot-hills of the true moun- 
tain range than within the range itself. 
The country is, therefore, broken and 
hilly but not truly mountainous. Ranges 
of mountains of considerable altitude lie 
50 or 60 miles to the northward, and are 
distinctly visible from any of the higher 
hills of the county in clear weather. The 
climate of the county (see page 17) is, 
therefore, that of the great Piedmont 
("foot of the mountain") region, being 
neither enervating, like that of many of 
the "lowland" counties to the south, 
jior rigorous like that of some of the 



true mountain counties to the north. 
For healthfulness and comfort, the cli- 
mate is most excellent, and it is admira- 
bly adapted to a great variety of agricul- 
tural and horticultural products. 

The rocks of the metamorphic forma- 
tion vary som.ewhat in different locali- 
ties, but they are generally hard, compact 
and silicious, the great bulk of the rock 
being granite, or nearly approaching 
granite in composition and character. 
The rock underlying Clarke county is 
quite uniformly agneissoid granite. At 
occasional points the rock is very like 
true granite, and is suitable for building 
and road-bed purposes. No quarries, 
however, have as yet been opened in the 
county, although immediately beyond 
the county line, in Oglethorpe county, 
workable granite of the very finest qual- 
ity is somewhat extensively quarried. 

In common with the greater part of 
the metamorphic formation of this re- 
gion, the rock of the county is seamed 
with occasional veins of gold-bearing 
quartz. Gold in paying quantities has 
been washed from the bed of a small 
stream (Tanyard branch) flowing through 
a portion of the city of Athens, and 
probably in other parts of the county. 
No very rich veins or stream deposits 
have been found in the county, however, 
and it is most probable that none exist. 
The rich veins and deposits found in the 
counties to the north occur generally 



AND THE CITY OF ATIIEXS. 



among the schistose and quartzose rocks 
and not among the granites. 

Whilst the rock is comparatively uni- 
form in general character, and is all, 
comparatively speaking, hard and com- 
pact, it is not uniform in hardness and 
compactness. As a consequence, eros- 
ion has carved the surface of the county 
into numberless water-worn hills and 
valleys, giving it a "rolling" character. 
As a further consequence, the streams, 
(of which there are a great number), 
have uneven and somewhat precipitous 
channels and move with rapidly chang- 
ing velocities. These conditions give 
rise to valuable "water powers," many 
of which are already applied to indus- 
trial uses. (See page 31.) Another con- 
sequence of the lack of uniformity in 
the hardness and compactness of the 
rock is that it has been "weathered" to 
a great and unusual depth. (The same 
is true of many contiguous counties.) 
Excepting on the summits of the sleeper 
hills, from which the weathered rock has 
been washed away as rapidly as formed, 
the effects of the weathering are notice- 
able to depths of from 20 to 40 feet. 
Wells in the county are generally sunk 
to these depths before hard rock is en- 
countered. "Weathering" is the "break- 
ing down, pulverization and decomposi- 
tion of rocks and minerals by natural 
processes ; that is, by the action of water, 
air, rain, wind, frost and such like natural 
agencies in operation constantly on the 
earth's surface." The "weathering" of 
rocks results in the formation of soil. 
The soil of the county is, therefore, 
naturally very deep. Where it is pro- 
tected from washing the depth to which 
it may be cultivated for farming pur- 
poses is practically unlimited. 

The natural, inherent suitability of a 
soil for farming purposes depends in 
part upon the physical character and in 



part upon its chemical composition. 
J3oth of these are determined by the 
nature of the rock from which the soil 
was formed. 

The principal minerals of which the 
granitic rock of the county is composed 
are quartz, feldspar and mica. True 
granite is a uniform, homogeneous mix- 
ture of these three minerals, each finely 
grained, compacted into a hard, uniform 
rock. Gneissoid granite contains the 
same three minerals, but it is not homo- 
geneous in character, the minerals are 
coarsely grained and the rock is not so 
hard or compact as true granite. In true 
srranite it is sometimes difficult to dis- 

o 

tinguish the minerals from each other by 
the unaided eye, but in the gneisses the 
large, coarse masses of each are gener- 
ally easily distinguishable. In addition 
to quartz, feldspar and mica, other min- 
erals in smaller quantities are sometimes 
among the components of the rock, such 
as hornblende, tourmaline, small veins 
of iron pyrites, ("fool's gold"), etc., some 
of which are often prominently notice- 
able when the rock is freshly broken. 
Others, such as carbonate of lime, phos- 
phate of lime, sulphate of lime, etc., 
occur in much smaller quantities, espe- 
cially mixed through the soil formed of 
the rock when weathered. It is this 
heterogeneous character and coarse 
structure of the gneissoid rock that per- 
mits it to be weathered to such great 
depths. 

The first effect of weathering is to 
crumble the rock. The minerals are 
then separated and sorted by the action 
of water. The Cjuartz crumbles into 
sand, and the mica into small, fine, glis- 
tening plates or scales. These are fre- 
quently noticeable in the dust by the 
roadside or in the beds and along the 
sides of small streams. Quartz simply 
forms sand ; it cannot be further decom- 



2k 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



posed. The feldspar and mica (and other 
similar minerals) are, however, not only 
crumbled into fine particles but are act- 
tually decomposed. Thus, feldspar, 
which is composed chiefly of silica 
(silicic acid), alumina and potash, with 
small quantities of lime, soda, iron and 
other ingredients, decomposes under the 
action of weathering and produces sand 
(silica), clay (silicate of alumina and 



Clarke county is, therefore, essentially a 
clay soil. As the quantity of iron in the 
feldspar, etc., is considerable, the oxide 
of iron formed during weathering gives 
the soil generally a decided red color. 
The sorting action of rain water modi- 
fies to some extent the natural character 
of the soil in many places. Clay is 
lighter and finer than sand and is, 
therefore, more easily washed away. 




The Georgia Normal School. 



water) and silicate of potash principally, 
with small quantities of oxide of iron, 
lime and soda compounds, etc. Mica, 
which has a somewhat similar composi- 
tion, produces, on weathering, similar 
results. The principal ingredients of 
the soil formed by the weathering of a 
gneissoid granite are, therefore, sand 
and clay ; and as the quantity of clay is 
large, such soils are usually clay soils. 
What may be called the natural soil of 



The larger streams of the county are 
therefore almost constantly more or less 
muddy from the quantity of fine clay 
which they carry, and the smaller 
streams are frequently so. This exces- 
sive washing away of the clay as com- 
pared with the sand results in the pro- 
duction of sandy soil. This is especially 
the case upon the tops and sides of the 
steeper hills and in "bottoms" where the 
velocity of a swiftly running stream is 



AND THE CITY OF AT?IENS. ^5 

first checked. With the clay there is sents the soil to a depth of 12 inches, 

removed a good portion of the oxide of and its composition is as follows : 

iron, so, as the soils become sandy, they Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbonic 

lose their red color and become "grey" acid, etc 88.025 

soils. Organic matter — the remains of Water 4038 

vegetation— upon the soil also effects Organic matter 4-593 

the removal of the oxide of iron by solu- Lime 0.292 

tion so that some of the soils are "grey" Magnesia 0270 

even when clayey. Potash 0.781 

The great bulk of the soils of the Soda 0.685 

county are red clay lands, but sandy Phosphoric acid 0.036 

lands and grey lands are not uncommon. Sulphuric acid 0.076 

The numerous streams furnish consid- Oxide of iron 1.204 

erable acreages of bottom lands of great 

r .•T4. 100.000 
lertility. 

Even in the case of the distinctly clay The composition of the soil per acre 

lands the proportion of sand mixed with calculated from this analysis is as fol- 

the clay is so great that they are rarely lows : One cubic foot of the soil weighed 

heavy or stiff, or in condition unsuited 81 pounds, and one acre taken to a depth 

to easy and perfect tillage. The of 12 inches weighed, accordingly, 

ease of cultivation of clay lands depends 3,528,000 pounds, as follows : 

largely upon their freedom from exces- Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbon- 

sive moisture. The rolling character of ic acid, etc 3> 105,730 

the lands of the county enables them to Water 142,500 

be properly drained without great diffi- Organic matter 161.750 

culty. The hills, moreover, are not Lime 10,320 

generally so steep or abrupt but that Magnesia ■ . 9-540 

excessive washing may be prevented by Potash 27.560 

ordinary and simple methods. Terrac- Soda 24,150 

ing for this purpose has found success- Phosphoric acid 1,260 

ful application almost universally. Sulphuric acid 22,690 

Physically speaking, therefore, the Oxide of iron 42,500 

soils of the county generally are admira- ^ 

bly suited to farming operations, being ^'^ ' 

deep, composed of thoroughly disinte- Careful investigations have shown that 

grated materials, capable of easy drain- given crops take from the soil certain 

age and protection from washing and of quantities of certain mineral matters. 

a character adapted to easy and economic The following may be given as illustra- 

culivation. tions. 

The chemical composition of the soil Amounts (in pounds) of different sub- 
may be illustrated by an analysis of a stances used and required by plants in 
sample of the red clay land of the Uni- producing certain crops, including the 
versify farm. This farm is situated on roots, stem, leaves, fruit, grain, seed, 
a ridge-top, and the soil is less fertile etc., and all parts of the plant, repre- 
than the average soil of the county of senting the total demand made by the 
similar character. The sample repre- crop upon the soil. 



26 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



1. COTTON, 200 POUNDS LINT PER ACRE. 

Pounds. 

Potash 32 

Lime 40 

Magnesia 12 

Phosphoric acid 17 

Other mineral matter 25 

2. CORN, 50 BUSHELS, SHELLED GRAIN. 

Pounds. 

Potash yj 

Lime 35 

Magnesia 20 

Phosphoric acid 31 

Other mineral matter 15 

3. OATS, 20 BUSHELS. 

Pounds. 
Potash 20 

Lime 7 

IMagnesia 5 

Phosphoric acid 7 

Other mineral matter 56 

4. WHEAT, 10 BUSHELS. 

Pounds. 

Potash 10 

Lime 4 

Magnesia 3 

Phosphoric acid 8 

Other mineral matter 37 

5. TIMOTHY HAY, I TON. 

Pounds. 

Potash 65 

Lime 30 

Magnesia 13 

Phosphoric acid 16 

Other mineral macter 100 

6. RED CLOVER, I TON. 

Pounds. 

Potash 80 

Lime 70 

Magnesia 25 

Phosphoric acid 20 

Other mineral matter 25 

Comparing the requirements of the 
crops with the actual capabilities of the 
soil, as indicated by the analysis, it is 
evident that, taken only to the depth of 
12 inches, the ordinary soil of the county 



is abundantly provided with the mineral 
food necessary to produce luxuriant crops 
for many years without artificial fertili- 
zation. When it is remembered that 
the sub-soil, down to the lowest depth 
that can possibly be reached by any 
plow, contains even larger quantities of 
plant food than are found in the surface 
soil, it is apparent that it is possible to 
maintain the natural fertility of the soil 
practically indefinitely. It is true that 
the fertility of a soil is mainly depend- 
ent upon the solubility or "availability" 
of the mineral plant food which it con- 
tains. In no soils may this availability 
be so readily or easily secured by judi- 
cious care of the land, green manuring, 
rotation of crops and other economic 
practices of good husbandry, as in soils 
of the character found in this county, 
the physical characteristics of which 
have been described, and which enable 
them to retain heat, air, moisture and the 
products of decay of organic matter, the 
natural agencies by which such availa- 
bility is secured. 

The general chemical character of the 
soil and its capacity to furnish mineral 
plant food may also be estimated from 
the composition of the minerals forming 
the rocks from which the soil was pro- 
duced. All the minerals (excepting 
quartz) of the gneissoid granite underly- 
ing the soil of the county are rich in 
potash, lime and magnesia, and contain 
the other necessary ingredients of plant 
food in good proportions. The soil 
formed by the weathering of such min- 
erals is, therefore, necessarily a strong 
soil ; that is, it contains plant food in 
abundance, its natural productive capac- 
ity is very great, and it responds readily 
to judicious tillage. 

Another indication of the natural fer- 
tility of the soil is afforded by the char- 
acter of the native vegetable growth. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 21 

The timber of the county is mainly hard of the natural waters is absolute. The 
woods — oak, hickory, dogwood, etc. — -a extreme purity and the magnificent 
class of vegetation that demands from quality of the drinking waters of the 
the soil much the same kind and amounts region in which the county lies consti- 
of mineral food as are required by ordi- tute one of its chief claims to health- 
nary cultivated crops. fulness. 

It may be safely said, therefore, that It has been previously noted that the 
the general character of the soil of the oxide of iron which gives the red color 
county is such as to yield to the hus- to the soil is sometimes washed out of 
bandman full and rich returns for the the soil (leaving " grey " land) by the 
labor of intelligent cultivation. As percolating water when the quantity of 
" proof of the pudding " attention is organic (vegetable) matter upon or in 
called to the agricultural statistics of the the soil is large. This oxide of iron re- 
county given elsewhere, showing what mains in solution until the water issues 
the soil has actually been made to pro- freely into the air. Iron, or " chalybe- 
duce by careful culture. ate" springs are, therefore, not infre- 

As indicated above, the mineral mat- quent in the county. There are, in fact, 

ters of the soil and of the underlying quite a number of them of excellent 

rock of this region are mainly silicates — quality and great medicinal value, 

compounds of potash, lime, etc., with As illustrating their character the 

silica. These compounds are but slightly analyses of two of the better known of 

soluble in water (though competent to such springs are here given : 
become sufficiently so for all purposes 

. 1 ^ , . ^ „, ' ^ , ^ "HELICON SPRINGS, CLARKE CO., 

of plant growth). 1 he water percoiat- 

^, , ^, ., , , , . 15 MILES FROM ATHENS. 

mg through the sou and rock and col- 

leCted in wells for drinking purposes Solids Dissolved. U.S. Gallon. 

therefore contains but very small quan- Carbonate of iron 3.095 

titles of mineral matter in solution. Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.462 

Numerous analyses of the well waters of Carbonate of lithia a trace 

the county show that the amount of Sulphate of lime 3 217 

mineral matter held in solution is, on Sulphate of potash o 102 

the average, not more than 2 grains per Sulphate of magnesia o 065 

U. S. gallon. They are, therefore, Sulphate of soda 0.167 

"free-stone" waters of most excellent Sodium chloride 0167 

quality. The natural springs of the '^i^ica^ 0310 

county are of the same general character ^iumma 0053 

and even the superficial streams, large Organic matter . • 0112 

and small, when freed from suspended Manganese . a trace 

sediment, are remarkably pure. The Phosphate of lime a trace 

waters of the Oconee river, from which Total 7 714 

the city of Athens is about to take its 

water-supply, shows, when filtered, less Temperature of the water (air 81.4°) 

than 2\ grains per gallon of solid mat- ^^ ' 

ters dissolved. Except where subject to Spring near the N. E. R. R. depot, 

local contamination, the organic purity city of Athens. The so-called 



2S CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 

" FERRO-LiTHic " SPRING. A few " sulphur " Springs are also 

Solids Dissolved. u.T.'oailon. known, the sulphur compounds being 

Carbonate of iron 1.528 derived probably from the iron pyrites 

Carbonate of lime 0.241 (sulphide of iron) occurring in small 

Carbonate of magnesia 0.315 quantities quite generally through the 

Carbonate of lithia 0.007 rock and readily decomposing on weath- 

Sulphate of lime o 162 ering. 

Sulphate of potash 0.132 This brief review of the geology of the 

Sulphate of soda 0.115 county may serve, perhaps, to disclose 

A Ikalme chlorides 0.003 the natural and sufficient basis for the 

vj-^jio claim that its salubrious climate, pure 

^^^^^'^^ 0010 ^^^^^ ^^d fg^tilg g^il flt it tQ be the 

Organic matter 0.136 ^ome of a prosperous, sturdy and 

Total 2.766 thrifty people. 



FARMING IN CLARKE COUNTY. 

Prof. DAVID C. BARROW, Jr., C. M. E. 



Clarke county is situated about forty 
miles south of what is known as the 
Chattahoochee ridge, which separates, 
the cotton producing section of the 
State from those portions where the 
summer season is too short to permit of 
its successful cultivation. 

We are very advantageously situated, 
agriculturally, being in a climate where 
cotton can be successfully grown, and 
yet being sufficiently far north to make 
the cultivation of wheat profitable. 

The climate of the more southern por- 
tion of the State is as suitable for the 
cultivation of cotton, corn and oats as is 
our own, but in that section wheat can- 
not be successfull raised. We cannot 
grow sugar cane in Clarke, at least not 
as a profitable crop, but we have as a 
substitute sorghum from which much 
syrup is made every year. 

Each year increased attention is paid 
to hay making, and there are now farmers 



in this county who raise hay to the ex- 
clusion of cotton. Bermuda grass, which 
was once regarded as the farmer's curse, 
is considered now as of great value on 
account of the quantity of hay it pro- 
duces and the excellent pasturage it 
affords, This grass, is killed only by 
intense cold, so that, when once a field 
is set in berniuda grass, very little ex- 
pense is incurred in making hay from it. 

It is common to cut three crops of 
hay during a summer, and at least two 
are expected. 

As to fruit, we have an abundance of 
figs, from which may be inferred that we 
have no very severe cold, and peaches, 
apples, pears and grapes thrive with us. 
There are many scuppernong vines in 
and around Athens which are of great 
size and which produce bushels of fruit. 

From this brief statement of the crops 
which are grown here it will be seen that 
the statement of an eminent divine that, 



AND THE CITY OF ATHEXS. 



:?9 



" Our county produces everything else 
and cotton besides," is almost literally 
correct. 

During my boyhood it was the custom 
on my father's plantation, in the vicinity 
of Athens, to feed the negroes with pro- 
visions grown on the place, and to clothe 
them with cloth woven at home from 
cotton and wool raised there 

The farmer who buys only sugar and 
coffee of his food, and wears clothes of 
cloth manufactured in his own county, 
if not on his farm, is still to be found 
with us. 

Extract From Tenth Census. 
Clarke County. 

" The lands may be classed as red 
clays, gray sandy, mulatto, and alluvial 
bottom soils. The red clay lands cover 
about 65 per cent, of the county area, 
and extend in two belts across the 
county, each about 6 miles wide. The 
dark red soil has a depth of about 18 
inches, with a tough red clay sub -soil. 

The soil is fine grained and compact, 
retaining moisture for a long time, hav. 
ing little sand in its composition. It is 
very durable, resisting both weathering 
influence and the taking up of its riches 
by the plants, and produces crops for a 
number of years with very little decrease 
in yield. 

Its tree growth consists of red, black, 
Spanish, and white oaks, chestnut, pine 
hickory, dogwood and some walnut. 
The soil is cold and naturally well 
drained, and is easy to till in wet sea- 
sons. 

Fresh lands produce from 900 to 1,000 
pounds of seed cotton, and this yield 
continues for a number of years without 
any apparent diminution. The lands are 
not troubled so much by weeds or by 
crab-grass. They have a tendency to 
wash, and on steep hillsides are much 



injured. The valleys are also injured 
by the washings. Hillside ditching and 
terracing are practiced with good success 
in checking the damage. 

Gray sandy lands, which form 
a belt three miles wide in the middle of 
the county, comprise nearly 30 per cent, 
of its lands. The soil is gray and more 
or less sandy, 16 inches deep, and under- 
laid by a yellowish or reddish clay much 
less tough than the red lands and much 
less retentive of moisture. It is not as 
durable as the red lands, is generous 
in giving up its plant food, and is 
more readily washed off by rains. It 
also decreases in productiveness more 
readily. The growth is wl?ite, red, 
Spanish and post oak, hickory, pine and 
chestnut, this last being more abundant 
than on red lands. Whenever it is pos- 
sible farmers use chestnut rails for fenc- 
ing purposes, and gray lands are often 
marked by chestnut fences. These 
lands are best adapted to cotton and 
oats, 75 per cent, of the former being 
planted. The red land is better for corn, 
clover and wheat, though cotton forms 
60 per cent, of the crops. The yield on 
" fresh gray land " is rom 1,000 to 1,200 
pounds of seed cotton per acre. While 
the soil is not so durable as the red land, 
it recuperates more readily and produces 
very well for a few years after a rest. 

The bottom lands, comprising 5 per 
cent, of the land of the county, are vari- 
able in width, and are never very wide. 
The growth is birch, hickory, pine, oak, 
walnut, and frequently considerable 
white oak. The soil is a dark alluvial 
loam, sometimes underlaid by a tough 
pipe clay, white or bluish in color. The 
land is best adapted to corn, 10 per cent, 
only of cotton being planted. Cockle- 
bur and rag-weed are the most trouble- 
some." 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



Since the census report was prepared 
one notable change has taken place in 
the farming in Clarke county, which" is 
the cultivation of Bermuda grass on 
many of the bottoms, which were then 
planted in corn, a change which has been 
of the greatest benefit to the farmer. 

At my request Mr. Jos. F. Comer, one 



of the successful farmers of Clarke 
county, has given me a statement of the 
crops raised by himself and tenants dur- 
ing 1892. His tenants are negroes, who 
with their families and some help hired, 
cultivated their farms. Mr. Comer is a 
very careful and skillful farmer, but the 
results show what can be accomplished. 




Residence of A. L. Hull, Milleuge Avenue. 





Pi 
W 
% 

U 






TENANTS. 






Value. 




1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6 


Bales of Cotton 

Bushels Cotton Seed 

Galls Syrup (Sorghum). . 
Bus. Potatoes (Sweet). . . . 

Stacks Fodder 

Loads Forao"e Corn.... 


30 

810 

100 

120 

10 

25 

500 

600 

8 

4 

30 

25 

4 


11 

297 

80 

60 

3 

2 

160 

600 

3 

1 

3 

8 

2 

5 


13 

351 

60 

150 

6 

1 

250 

150 

6 

1 

2 

8 
2 
5 


10 

270 

400 

70 

4 

3 

170 

500 

2 
1 
20 
2 
5 


15 

405 

50 

100 

5 

4 

200 

400 

4 

2 

10 

10 

2 

5 


12 
324 

150 

75 
3 
2 

150 
500 
3 
3 
2 
15 
2 
5 


15 

405 

200 

125 

5 

3 

20 » 

200 

4 

3 

1 

25 

3 

6 


9 cts. per lb. 
22 cts. per bu. 
50 cts. per gal. 
50 cts. per bu. 
75 cts. per 100. 


Bushels Corn 

Pounds Pork 


75 cts. per bu. 
8 cts. per lb. 


Loads Shucks. 

Loads Oats 

Loads Hay 

Bushels Peas 

No. Mules Worked .... 


60 cts. per 100. 

75 cts. per 100. 
80 cts. per bu. 


Rent Cotton (in bales) .... 







AND THE CITY OF ATHEXS. 



SI 



The bales of cotton averaged 450 lbs., 
that being size of bales paid for rent. 

The loads of shucks and hay may- 
be counted at 500 lbs. each. The stacks 
of fodder at the same. 

The conclusion which naturally fol- 
lows from this brief statement seems to 
be that our county can hardly be equalled 
for diversity of products and profitable 
farming under proper management. 

Note. — Several years ago aa agricultural 
club existed in Athens, which offered a premium 
for the best acre of wheat. Several of the con- 
testants raised over 50 bushels, and the prize 
was awarded to Dr. James S. Hamilton, who 
grew, I think, 54 bushels on an acre. This is 
given as indicating what can be raised by proper 
cultivation. 

The Tenant System, 

The table on page 30 illustrates one 
of the most common methods of farming 
in this county and the surrounding coun- 
try, so common, indeed, that it may be 
called the method in which our lands are 
farmed. 

The land is owned in large bodies, 
either by those who inherited planta- 
tions, or by the accumulations of suc- 
cessful businessmen, and is rented out 
in small farms to tenants. 

The rents vary in kinds and amount, 
lands near cities and towns renting 



higher than in more remote sections, and 
the quality of the land being, of course, 
an important consideration. 

Sometimes a portion of the crop 
grown, usually one-fourth, is paid for 
the use of land, but ordinarily the con- 
tract is for "standing rent." By "stand- 
ing rent " is meant that a fixed amount 
of lint cotton, or occasionally of money, 
is to be paid for the use of land. The 
amount varies from 800 to 1,200 pounds 
of lint cotton for each one-horse farm. 
Sometimes the landlord furnishes the 
mule and includes his hire in the rent. 
Mr. Comer does this, but the tenant 
feeds the mule. 

Another very common contract is 
what is called the " half and half con- 
tract." The laborer furnishes the 
human labor, usually himself and 
family; and the landlord furnishes the 
mule and land and feeds the mule. The 
laborer furnishes his hoes, etc., and the 
landlord the plows. Fertilizers, black- 
smith bills and other expenses are paid 
for half and half. The crop is equally 
divided between the landlord and his 
tenant. 

Under this contract an industrious 
laborer will greatly prosper and the land- 
lord be well paid for the use of his land. 



WATER SYSTEM. 



The extent, distribution and commer- 
cial value of the water system of Clarke 
county justify its discussion under a 
special article. The article should be 
read with the county map before the eye, 
and with a clear remembrance of the 
large and evenly distributed rainfall with 
which this section is favored. 



The two forks of the Oconee river 
which run together on the county line 
are the most important members of the 
water system, but along the several 
creeks which run into the rivers a num- 
ber of valuable powers exist, some uti- 
lized and some not. It will be noted 
that secondary streams of the county are 



CLABKE COUNTY, OEOBGIA, 



supplied by a great number of branches 
which take their rise in a still larger 
number of bold springs. The general 
trend of the streams is toward the 
south-east, and with scarcely an excep- 
tion the river and creek valleys are very 
narrow and bordered on each side by 
high hills. The underlying rocks in 
which these channels have been cut be- 
long to the earliest geological eras, tech- 
nically called metamorphic rock, which 
abounds in fissures into which a large 
per centage of the rainfall is gathered. 
This underground supply not only sus- 
tains the springs and branches, but 
makes it possible to secure good water 
at shallow depths. The surface wells of 
the county range from 25 to 50 feet in 
depth. The nature of the underlying 
rock, of course, renders impossible the 
boring of artesian wells, but, fortunate- 
ly, the surface water is so pure that deep 
wells aie not necessary. The insoluble 
nature of the rock leaves the supply 



entirely free from any large amounts of 
mineral ingredients, and the sparsely 
settled character of the country secures 
immunity from hurtful organic contami- 
nation. Analyses are given below of 
the water of several typical streams, 
springs and wells in this county, which 
show the marked purity and bealthful- 
ness of the waters of this section. To 
interpret their analyses it should be 
said that the presence of chlorides and 
ammonia indicate animal, or organic con- 
tamination, while the amount of solid 
matter shows the dissolved mineral in- 
gredients. The recognized limits of 
safety for a drinking water are concerned 
chiefly with the presence of chlorides 
and albumenoid ammonia. When chlo- 
rides exceed two grains pei- U. S. gallon, 
and when albumenoid ammonia exceeds 
10 parts in 100,000,000 a water should 
be regarded with suspicion from a health 
standpoint. With these facts in mind 
the tables speak for themselves. 









TO 


TO 












C 


-^ c; • 


^'? 










Eo 












(« 


P <= 




m 






a; 


£0 

<2- 


.£ £§ 


OcO 


en 
<v 

c 









<D u 


5 ^ 


TO ^ 














^ "^ 








,G 


>- a 




a 








u 


fe 


< 


H 


X 


Oconee River, at New Water Works, 


) Unfiltered 

j Filtered 


Trace. 
Trace. 


01 
0.03 


0.04 
0.00 


7.223 

2.854 


1.82 


Middle Oconee River, j^i^Xred 




Trace. 
Trace. 


02 
0.00 


0.00 
0.02 


2.219 
4.672 


i'.e' 


Trail Creek, Unfiltered , 




Trace. 


005 


0.03 


3.651 


1.25 


Von der Lieth's Spring 

Weil on Milledge Avenue, Athens. . . 




Trace. 
0.14 


0.002 
000 


0.005 
0.045 


2.10 
5.26 


1.25 




1 50 



Water Powers. — The question 
as to whether a given water system may 
be utilized for power purposes depends 
upon the following facts : 

I. The occurrence of rocky shoals 
over which the stream will descend a 
number of feet in elevation within a 
comparatively short distance, the power 
being proportional to the fall. 



2. On the velocity with which the 
water is brought to the top of the fall. 

3. On the volume of water. 

4. On the constancy of water in the 
channel. 

5 The adaptability of the banks for 
the building of a suitable dam and race 
way by which to bring the water to the 
machinery. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



1. Throughout this county the beds 
of streams are marked at frequent inter- 
vals by the presence of transverse rocky 
ledges of greater or less fall over which 
the waters pass from one comparatively 
level stretch to another. 

2. The general slope of these quiet 
stretches determines the velocity which 
is effected in bringing the water to the 
dam at a given speed. The streams of 
this county are swiftly flowing at all 
points. The rivers between the shoals 
maintain without much variation an 
average flow of one foot per second. 
This estimate is a safe average based on 
actual observations on Middle Oconee 
river at Tallasee Shoals where the veloc- 
ity is 1.6 feet per second, and on the 
same river above the Princeton Shoals, 
where the velocity is .852 feet per 
second. 

3. The volume of water passing the 
top of a shoal will be the product of the 
area of a vertical cross section of the 
stream by the velocity. Cross sections, 
of course, will vary with different stages 
of the water, but estimates on the Mid- 
dle Oconee river taken in the early fall 
season when the water is lowest, show 
at Tallasee Shoals an area of 152 square 
feet, and at Princeton an area of 400 
square feet, the respective velocities be- 
ing 1.6 feet and 832 feet per second. 
The product of these factors give at Tal- 
lasee 25 horse power for every foot of 
fall, and at Princeton 35 horse power for 
every foot of fall, the increase at the 
latter point being due to the waters of 
several large creeks which empty into 
this river between the two shoals. These 
are minimum figures. 

4. The constancy of the flow is of 
vital importance, and will depend on 
three main items. 

I. The annual rainfall and its distri- 
bution. 



2 The nature of the drainage. 
3. The absorption power of the un- 
derlying rock system. 

The drainage area of the two rivers 
is very hilly, a fact which tends to make 
a large per centage of the water from 
rainstorms run off rapidly. On the other 
hand, these water sheds are well wooded 
and the underlying rock system is fis- 
sured so that much of the rainfall is 
rapidly absorbed and given forth gradu- 
ally to the streams and branches Act- 
ual observations on the waters of Trail 
creek, whose water shed is 12 square 
miles give the following table for a point 
near the creek's mouth. 

Trail Creek. 







j^ 


in 


'■J 









*-» 


c 


<u 


QJ 




__r4 


Q 


i- . 



.a >- 




V 


3 




03 1/ _:j 


0^ 

1j 


3 a 



Q 


^ 


5.58 in 


< 
12.109 ft 


2.05 ft 


> 


April 18511 25' 


24.8 cu.ft 


Oct., 1891133' 


2.6 in 


5.00 ft 


2.17 ft 


10.85 cu.ft 



Average grade of stream 4.25' in 1,000'. 

The first observation was in the spring 
when the general flow was full ; the lat- 
ter at a time when the water was lowest. 
Taking the average between these two 
we have 17.8 cubic feet per second as 
the average flow of the stream, which is 
equivalent to 1,537,920 cubic feet per 
day. The annual rainfall for this section 
being 54 inches, the mean daily rainfall 
is .14 in., which, on an area of 12 square 
miles, gives a total volume of water 
amounting to 4,183,010 cubic feet. Of 
this, the observations show that 2,645,090 
cubic feet are lost to the stream by 
evaporation, by running off in storm 
water, and by absorption and evapora- 
tion from vegetable growth and in deep 
fissures. Calculated to per centage this 
shows that an average of 37% of the 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



rain fall is available for supplying the 
stream. This calculation has been given 
in detail in order to use the available % 
on other streams in the county. Fan- 
ning in his excellent work on water sup- 
ply shows that 40% of the total rainfall 
may be taken as available to maintain 
the flow of a stream. The close agree- 



ment between his data and the observa- 
tions on Trail creek lend further strength 
to the figure as given. We, therefore, 
may use 40% for the creeks of this 
county as a basis upon which to estimate 
their average volume and the horsepower 
which they will give, as shown in the 
table below. 



Table of Water System Measurements. 



i\AME. 



Gay's Branch 

McNutt's Creek 

Little Bear Creek 

Bear Creek 

Turkey Creek 

Poss' Creek 

McLeroy's Creek 

Cub Creek 

Big Sandy Creek 

Big Sandy Creek at Colt's Mill. 

Little Sandy Creek 

Noketchee Creek 

Trail Creek ( West Fork ) 

Trail Creek 

Shoal Creek 

Big Creek 

Cedar Creek 

McNutt's Creek, at Epps' Gin.. 
McNutt's Creek, at Sykes' Mill 

Beaver Dam Creek 

Bobbin Mill Creek 

Carr's Branch 

Middle Oconee River ...... 

Oconee River .... 



9 

2>^ 

7 

2% 
3 
2 

2>^ 
13 
6 
2^ 

314 
4 
6 
12 

4M 

8 

6 

2 
2 

42 
40 






3M 
10 

3 
12 

^M 

1^8 

QH 
4 

6 
12 

10 

16 
10 

2 
2 

320 

280 



(U o ^ 



> 



1 ^^ 



413,000 2 
1,300,0003 



420,000|2 
1,627,000 2 

278,000|2 

164,000 2 

147,000 2.5 ft. 

181,000 2.5 ft. 
2,060,0002 ft. 
1,000,0002 ft. 

555,0002 ft. 

488,000,2 ft. 

609,000 2.17 ft 
1,537,000 2.17 ft. 
3,055,000 2.4 ft. 
I,.300,000i2.3 ft. 



715,000 

2,000,000 

1,300,000 

260,000 

260,000 

156,000 

41,600,000 

30,000,000 



2.5 ft. 

2 ft. 

3 ft. 
3.3 



2.5 
3.4 
1 
1 






0.3 
1.5 
0.31 
1.3 
0.3 
0.13 
0.10 
0.14 
1.54 
0.75 
0.40 
0.39 
0.40 
1.20 
2.00 
0.90 
0.58 
1 2!0 
0.90 
0.20 
0.20 
0.12 
30.00 
20.00 






1?0 

100 

115 

130 

60 

110 

108 

96 

126 

t.O 

71 

lOi) 

86 

115 

230 

8.-) 

120 

90 

50 

75 

110 

119 



In the foregoing table the lengths and 
drainage areas of the streams have been 
taken as far as possible from the county 
map. Streams along the borders, and 
particularly in the county, have been 
estimated from general maps of the ad- 
joining counties. [In the case of Mid- 
dle Oconee river the estimated average 
flow from drainage area is 41,000,000 
cubit feet per day, and from observa- 
tions at the Bobbin mill, in October, 
1892, 40,700,000 cubic feet per day.] 



WATER POWER SITES. 
Middle Oconee River. 

(a) Tallasee Shoals. \M miles long; 
total fall 43'; H. P. per i' fall 25 Total 
H. P. 1007.5 ; owned by a company of 
Athens merchants; for sale on easy 
terms; not now utilized; formerly used 
for grist mill ; good topography on 
either bank for race way and mill build- 
ings ; 8 miles from Athens, 4 miles from 
McLeroy's Station on G. C. & N. R. R. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



Dam can be easily constructed on con- 
tinuous rock ledge ; will have to be 400' 
long. 

(b) McLeroys Mill. Shoal y. mile 
long; total fall, 12; H. P. per i ft., 30; 
total H. P., 360; owned by J. L. McLe- 
roy and others ; excellent grist mill now 
operated ; good dam and race ; situated 
3^1 miles from Athens, and Yi mile from 
McLeroy's Station on G. C. & N. R. R. 

(c) Jennings' Shoals. A mile ■ and a 
half below McLeroy's mill ; total fall, 8'; 
H. P. per I ft., 30; total H. P., 240. 
Power partially decreased in high water, 
old dam still in place, needs repair; 3 
miles from Athens, owned by Dr. J. A. 
Hunnicutt ; not now utilized. 

(d) Princeton Factory. Fall 15', H. P. 
per I ft. 35 ; total, 525 H. P. Located 
2^ miles from Athens on main road by 
that name; now used by cotton mill with 
turbine of 300 H. P.; owned by Prince- 
ton M'f'g Co., J. S. Hamilton, agent. 
Dam can easily be raised 8' without any 
damage beyond $2,000 by back water. 
Building in good condition, machinery 
put in 1875. 

Oconee River. 

(a) Athens SJioals. Total fall, 13 feet. 
H. P. per foot 1 ft fall. 26. Total H. P., 
338. Located in the city of Athens, and 
owned by the Athens Manufacturing 
Co , R. L. Bloomfield, Agent., a fine 
masonry dam, and turbine of 300 H. P. 
The factory makes cotton yarns and dyes 
them ; 10,000 spindles. It is a good 
paying investment ; is lighted by electric 
lights run by the water power 

(b) Georgia Factoiy. The shoals are 
>2 mile in length. Total fall, about 30 
feet. 30 H. P. per i foot fall. Total 
H.P., 900. Located in the centre of the 
town of Whitehall, and owned by J. R. 
White and others ; five and one-half miles 
from Athens, and ^ mile from depot of 



Whitehall. Now utilized by a cotton 
factory, with turbines yielding 300 H. P. 
Fine dam and race ^ mile long ; also a 
grist mill run by power from same race. 
(c) Barnetf s Shoals. Located on Oco- 
nee river, below the junction point of the 
two forks, and lying just across the 
county line. The shoals are i>^ miles in 
length, with a total fall of 54.7 feet. The 
volume of water is 724.8 cubic feet per 
second ; velocity, i' per second ; H. P. 
per I ft. fall, 70 ; total H. P., 3,780. 
Located 12 miles from Athens and 43^ 
miles from railroad at Watkinsville. 
Owned by the Athens Manufacturing 
Co , R. L. Bloomfield, Agent, and at 
present used to operate a large cotton 
mill, 7,500 spindles; wing dam and race, 
controlling the flow of the river ; turbines 
now take up 400 H. P. One of the best 
powers in this whole section. Power 
leased to manufacturers. 

McNutt's Greek. 

(a) Sykes' Mill. Seven miles from 
Athens on the county line ; total fall, 
36'; ii. P. per foot fall estimated at .9 
H. P. ; total H. P., 32. Owned by Sykes 
Bros., Athens, and utilized by a good 
saw and grist mill plant. 

(b) l-.pps Gin. Two miles lower down 
on same creek ; Total fall, 30 feet ; es- 
timated H. P. by I foot fall i.i ; total, 33 
H. P. Owner, Y . N. Epps and utilized 
for cotton ginning; located 32- miles from 
Athens and 4 miles from McLeroy's 
Station, on G., C. & N. R. R. 

(c) Paper M ill. Located at the junc- 
tion of McNutt's and Barber's creeks ; 
total fall, 18 feet ; estimated H. P. per i 
foot fall, 5.00 H. P. ; total, 90 H. P. ; 
located on Princeton road, 4 miles from 
Athens, and 35^ miles from depot at Wat- 
kinsville ; hitherto utilized by a large 
paper mill plant ; recently bought by 
prominent men of Athens, and now in 



OLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA. 



process of change to a fine cotton mill 
for the manufacture of cotton yarns,rope, 
etc., under name of Alpha Mills, W. D. 
Griffith, agent, Athens ; value of plant, 
with new improvements, $50,000 ; has a 
good dam, race, and power pit, and good 
brick building, two stories, with out 
houses. 

Little Bear Creek. 

Fowleis M ill. Located 10 miles from 
Athens, 4 miles from Bogart Station on 



Little Sandy Creek. 

Tottys Mill. On Nowhere road, 5 
miles from Athens ; total fall, 15 ; H. P. 
per I foot fall, 04 ; total H. P., 6 ; owned 
by Mr. Totty and used for grist and gin- 
ning purposes. 

Noketchee Creek. 

Barretis Mill. On Nowhere road 4 
miles from Athens. Total fall, 16 feet; 
total H. P. 6. Dam needing repair, and 
race way, for sale with 25 acres of land, 



E».v: 




Young Men's Christian Association Building. 



G., C. & N. R. R. ; total fall, 20 feet ; H. 
r. per I foot, 0.31, estimated ; total H. P., 
6.2 ; now utilized by excellent grist and 
saw mill plants ; turbine wheel ; owned 
by Hedge Fowler. 

Sandy Creek. 

Coifs Mill. Just across Jackson 
county line, 7 miles from Athens ; total 
fall, 13' ; H. P. per i foot fall, .75 H. P. ; 
total H. P., 9.9 ; good dam and grist mill 
and saw mill, utilizing all the power. 



$1,000. Formerly used for grist and 
gin ; now not used ; no good building. 

Beaver Dam Creek. 

William s Saw Mill. On old Jackson 
road 8 miles from Athens, just across 
the Madison county line. Total fall, 20 
feet; total H. P., 2. Used for sawing 
lumber, owned by Benj. Williams. 

Shoal Creek. 

Gi7i on property of W. H. Morton, lo^ 
miles from Athens. Total fall, 20 feet ; 



A WD THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



37 



total H. P., 20 ; now used for ginning 
cotton. 

Cedar Creek. 

Mill Site. On land of Wesley Puryear, 
on Barnett's Shoal road 61- miles from 
Athens, used for sawing and ginning. 
20 foot fall ; total, 1 1 H. P. ; good dam 
and saw mill plant. 

Robbin Mill Creek. 

Bobbin Mill. 2;< miles from Athens. 
Total fall, 40 feet ; total H. P., 8. Good 
dam, breast wheel, mill house in bad 
repair; owned by the heirs of J. H. 



Newton, Major Lamar Cobb, Athens, 
executor. For sale„ 

Trail Creek. 

{a) Check Factory. Shoals within the 
city limits. i8 foot fall ; formerly used 
to run the machinery of the check fac- 
tory, which now uses steam. Dam was 
cut in December, 1890. Owned by 
Athens Mfg. Co. H. P., 21.6. 

ib) On west fork of Trail creek 2>^ 
miles from Athens a shoal with fall of 9 
feet occurs ; has never been used. It 
would furnish horsepower of 5.4 with 
small expense for dam. 



COUNTY STATISTICS. 



The report of the school commissioner 
of Clarke county, 1892, shows the follow- 
ing statistics concerning the county 
schools : 

Number of schools, ii white. 20 col- 
ored ; total 31. 

Number of teachers, white, male 10, 
female 11. 

Number of teachers, colored, male 4, 
female 21. 
Pupils admitted, white, male 260, 

female 233; total 498 

Pupils admitted, colored, male 578, 

female 594; total 1,172 

Aggregate total 1,665 

Average monthly cost of tuition per 
pupil ;^i.09, of which the State pays 
^i 0794 The average attendance in all 
schools was 774.25 each day. 

Orthography was taught to 1,503 
pupils. 

Reading was taught to 1,394 pupils. 

Writing was taught to 1,185 pupils. 

Grammar was taught to 326 pupils. 



Geography was taught to 520 pupils. 

Arithmetic was taught to 1,047. 

The expenditures on the county 
schools aggregated $4,730.75. The in- 
come is derived from the county poll 
tax and from the State. 

Population. 

Census of 1890 gives in Clarke county, 
whites 7,072, colored 8, 1 14; total, 15,186. 
In 1880 the census gave a total of 1 1,704. 
Increase in ten years of 3,484, equiva- 
lent to 30 per cent. 

Cotton. 

Planted in 1890, 13,333 acres, yielded 
5,471 bales; average, 2.44 acres to the 
bale. 

Cereals. 

Acres. Bushels. 

Barley 11 80 

Rye 26 212 

Wheat 66'^ 3,824 

Corn 4,804 52,139 

Oats 1,937 18,981 



38 CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 

Farms. Taxes, 1 892. 

Owned by white 232 Paid by whites 

Owned by colored 62 Paid by colored 

Total 294 Total . . 



• ^57,38634—9443% 
. 3,283.32— 5.57% 



$60,669.66 100% 



GEORGIA FACTORY DISTRICT, 

Being the State Mililia District No. 217. 

Area. chains, s. 35^ w. 5 chains, s. lie. 4 

5 932 acres— 9.27 square miles. chains, s. 51^ w. 14 chains, s. 89^ w. 4 

. chains, s. 2 w. 10 chains, s. 45^ w. 8 

chains to the point where said branch 

White voters, 74 ; colored, 55. empties into the North Oconee river ; 

White population 500 thence up said river, n. 32 w 16 chains, 

Colored population 275 s. 81 w. 18 chains, s. 70 w. 26 chains, n. 

^ ^ , 4f w. 20 chains, n. 15+ e 10 chains, and 

Total 77 s, ^ , . ^ ^ . ,. . 

n. 64 w. 16 chains to the city limits ; 

Location. thence the district runs westerly with 

The district lies immediately south of the city limits to the beginning corner, 
the city of Athens, adjoining Puryear's 

district on the east, Oconee county on 1 e a . 

the south and Princeton Factory on the Occupying the centre of the district 

west, and touches a portion of Buck and incorporated under a mayor and 

Branch district on the north. The sur- council is the flourishing town of White- 

vey by C. B. Daniell, C. S., in 1887, de- hall. The town is essentially a factory 

fines the limits as follows : town, being peopled almost entirely by 

Beginning at the city limits on the the operatives of the Georgia factory. 

Macon & Northern R. R. and running The town lies principally on the east 

With said road to a sewer near the resi- bank of the Oconee, but has a station 

dence of Dock Giles, thence across to and postofifice on the Macon and 

said Giles' spring ; thence down said Northern R. R. on the west side of the 

spring branch n. y8}{ w. 14.50 chains ; river. The town limits are circular and 

thence west to the line of John R. described with a radius 3-/ of a mile from 

White's property, and thence with said the centre of the factory building. The 

line s. 6it w. 30 chains to the Oconee population of Whitehall is about 4U0. 

river. The district then follows down The tuwn has two good church build- 

the river to the mouth of Cedar creek, ings and supports two excellent schoo s. 

and turns up said creek, following same It contain likewise a fine grist mill, sev- 

to the mouth of Ransom's spring branch, eral stores selling general merchandise. 

The line from this point runs n. G^i and a good blacksmith shop, 
w. 50 chains to the head of branch in 

Kinnebrew's field; thence down said The Georgia Manufacturing Co. 

branch s. 65^ w. 8 chains, n, 71 w. 29 Thechief interest of Whitehall centres 

chains, s. 83 w. 9 chains, s. 57A w. 18 in the large cotton mill owned by Capt. 

chains, s. 81 w, 13 chains, n. 81^ w. 13 John R. White and others, and operated 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



39 



under the name of the Georgia Manu- 
facturing Company. This mill is one of 
the oldest cotton mills in the South and 
has been in operation since 1829. It 
was originally built by James Johnson, 
Augustus Clayton and others, passing 
into the hands of John White in 1836, 
and has since been largely expanded and 
strengthened by him and his heirs, who 
still own and control the property. In 
1854 the first brick building was put up, 
which was gradually enlarged until Oc- 
tober, 1892, when it was destroyed by 
fire. At the time of the fire the factory 
was running seventy-five hundred spin- 
dles and one hundred and twenty looms 
for the manufacture of sheetings, shirt- 
ings, drills and yarns. The company 
are rebuilding the mill on the old site 
to cover a space fifty by three hundred 
and twenty-five feet, and to be two 
stories high. The new mill will have 
ten thousand spindles for fine yarn, and 
later will probably put in looms for the 
manufacture of print cloths. The valu- 
ation of the company's property is one 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars. One 
hundred and fifty operatives are em- 
ployed. In addition to the buildings, 
they own a large amount of land and the 
magnificent water power on the Oconee 
river, which is used to run the factory. 
The available horse power from the 
river at this point is 900, of which the 
factory now uses 300 by means of two 
32^-inch turbines. The company is one 
of the strongest and most reliable cotton 
mills in this state, and the business has 
always proven a good investment under 
a wise and conservative management. 
Capttain John R. White, who is now 
the president of the company, is re- 
cognized as an exceedingly able mill 
man, who not only knows how to 
run the finances but is thoroughly 
posted on the practical details. The 



financial success of the undertaking and 
the good feeling which exist between the 
management and operatives are largely 
due to the good j udgment and tact which 
the officials of the company display. 

Topography. 

As will be seen from an inspection of 
the map, this district is divided into 
equal parts by the east fork of the Oco- 
nee river, and has the western fork of 
the same river for much of its western 
boundary. The river valley is deep and 
narrow, and lies 200 feet below the table 
lands adjoining. That portion of the 
land lying along the river is very pre- 
cipitous and rough. It is well timbered 
and has several large bodies of original 
forest. While the district is essentially 
a rough district, it contains large areas 
of uplands which are easily cultivated 
and of marked agricultural value. Of 
the total 5,932 acres, probably as much 
as 4,500 acres are readily tillable. The 
district abounds in freestone springs 
along the hillsides, and wells are reached 
at easy depths. The soil is essentially 
of red clay, and is rich in potash and 
phosphoric acid. 

Roads. 

The public roads from Athens, lead- 
ing southward on both sides of the river, 
traverse this district. A bridge over 
the river provides for a cross road east 
and west, which leads on one side into 
Puryear's district and Oglethorpe county,, 
and in the other direction to Watkins- 
ville, the county seat of Oconee county. 
Following the general line of the public 
road, the Macon and Northern railroad 
runs through the district and has sta- 
tions at Whitehall and Watkinsville. 

Churches and Schools. 

The church facilities of the district 
are supplied by the churches at White- 



40 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



hall, Athens and Watkinsville, all of 
which points are readily reached from 
the district. People living in the south- 
east section sometimes attend Big Creek 
and Corinth churches in Oconee county. 
The two schools at Whitehall are the 
■chief district schools. 

Marketable Crops. 

The main money bringing crop of the 
district is cotton. Of this the averao:e 



covering the farming lands and improve- 
ments. This divided by the total acre- 
age gives an average valuation of ^11 
per acre for improved land. The pres- 
ence of a considerable town, and the 
railroad, combined with nearness to 
Athens, are factors in this high valua- 
tion. White people own $258,645 ; 
colored, $5,900. The price of land will 
vary from $6 to $30 per acre. 




Birthplace of Henry W. Grady, Prinxe Avenue. 



yield is about 600 bales Oats, corn and 
hay are raised for home consumption, 
and to a limited extent for sale. 

Property Valuation. 

The property returned for taxation in 
this district, including the factory plant, 
reaches a figure of $264,545. Of this 
at least $200,000 may be included in the 
town of Whitehall, leaving $64,545 as 



Mills, Gins, Etc. 

Outside of the large cotton mills with 
a capacity of 10,000 spindles, and the 
grist mill at the same point, there is one 
located on Cedar creek, owned by Wesley 
Puryear,drawing its power from the creek 
and used for ginning and sawing lumber. 
Many of the farmers of this district use 
the large steam gin of John Tuck, 
located at the intersection of the Win- 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



41 



terville and Lexington road, in the com- 
munity of Tuckston. 

Farms. 

A total of 17 farms are returned in 
this district, 12 owned by the whites and 
5 by negroes. The latter holdings are 
small. The principal lands belong to 
John R. White, Willis Kettle, the Wm. 
Kittle estate, and the Wm. Brittain 
estate. The farms are, as a rule, worked 



by their owners, but some tenants are in 
possession. 

Stores. 

The small area of the district and its 
proximity to Whitehall and Athens offers 
little support to storekeepers outside of 
those towns. Accordingly there is no 
store in the knowledge of the author 
located in the district at other points. 



PURYEAR'S DISTRICT, 

Being the State Militia Distrct No. 2i8. 



Area. 

14,735 acres — 23 square miles. 
Population. 

White voters, 39; colored, lUx 

White population. 230 

Colored population • 580 

Total 810 

Location. 

The district occupies the southeast 
section of the county, adjoining Buck 
Branch district on the north, Oglethorpe 
county on the east, Oconee county on the 
south and Georgia Factory district on the 
west. The official survey made by C. B. 
Daniel, county surveyor, in 1887, calls 
for the following limits : 

Beginning at the county lino between 
Oglethorpe and Clarke counties, where 
the Athens and Lexington road crosses 
said line, and running along said road 
to the head waters of Cedar creek, 
thence down said creek to where it 
empties into the Oconee river, with the 
following bearings and distances : N52 
w 47 chains, n64i^ w 29 chains, n50^ w 
81 chains, n63 w 22 chains, n53 w 30 
chains, n59 w 13 chains, n59% w 22 
chains, d85 w 17 chains, s83 w 7 chains, 



n89^ w 18 chains, n76 w 60 chains, n68 
w 8 chains, n54% w 13 chains, n59^ 
w 48 chains, s38^ w 2.50 chains, s9^ ell 
chains, si 8^ w 2.35 chains to the mouth 
of Ransom's branch, and thence down 
the meanderings of the creek to its 
mouth. The line above given separates 
Puryear's from Buck Branch District as 
far as Ransom's branch. 

Topography. 



The district is divided by the waters 
of Cedar, Shoal and Big creeks into 
three main ridges, with narrow valleys 
between them. Numerous branches, 
supplied by bold springs, course down 
the sides of the ridges with rapid fall. 
Between the heads of branches on either 
side of the ridges a broad expanse of 
rolling upland is spread. The larger 
portion of the land has been cleared of 
its original forest of oaks, hickories and 
pines. Scarcely more than 10% of the 
area is now covered with primitive tree 
growth. It is estimated that 35% of 
the district will closely represent the 
total amount of woodland, three-fourths 
of which is second growth pine and oak. 
The remainder is cleared and utilized 
for cultivation and pasturage. 



1^2 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



Roads. 

The road system is composed of five 
main roads, two of which run along the 
ridges, and the other three directly across 
the same in a general westerly course. 
These roads are connected with main 
thoroughfares in the adjoining counties. 

Churches. 

The Baptist and Methodist denomina- 
tions have three church structures in 
reach of the people. Two of these are 
just at the Oconee line on the Oconee 
side, and are known as Big Creek and 
Corinth churches, the latter Methodist, 
and the former Baptist. A chapel known 
as Bethel chapel is located near the 
centre of the district. 

The negroes also have several places 
of worship within easy reach uf their 
homes. 

Schools. 

The public school for whites is located 
on the plantation of Hon. W. H. Morton. 
Under the state law this school is open 
during five months of the year and is in 
charge at present of an excellent teacher. 

Another is located at Bethel church. 
There are also three schools for colored 
children — one near Shiloh church, one 
on W. H. Morton's farm, and one near 
Jones' store. 

Crops. 

The main crops of the district are cot- 
ton, corn and oats. Of these the district 
raises from 1,500 to 2,000 bales of cotton, 
from 5,000 to 10,OiO bushels of corn and 
5,000 bushels of oats. Hay from native 
grasses and peavines are raised for mar- 
ket on a limited scale. 

Property Valuation. 

The total property returns of the dis- 
trict, including farm improvements and 
equipment, aggregates $118,745; of 
which the negroes own $7,730, a little 
less than 1 per cent. Calculated from 



the area, it is seen that average value of 
improved land per acre is $7. The ex- 
tremes of value run from ^5 to $20, based 
on quality of soil, amount of improve- 
ments and distance from the city of 
Athens. 

Mills, Gins, Etc. 

Gins are located on the farms of Wni. 
Dean, W H. Morton, W. R. Tuck, and 
others. Also, wheelwright and black- 
smith shops, grist and saw mills are 
found in the district. 

Farms. 

There are 25 farms owaed by white 
men and 3 o Amed by negroes. The land 
is chiefly owned in large bodies, and is 
worked under the tenant system, else- 
where described. Where laborers are 
employed the wages paid are on a basis 
of $95 to $108 per year, with board, for 
able bodied men. The principal land 
owners are W. H. Morton, Wm. Dean, 
W. R. Tuck, T. F. Tribble, Scott Martin, 
the Puryear estate, W. B, Davis, James 
Smith, Joel Dean and James Spinks. 

Stores. 

Country stores, supplying food stuffs 
and general merchandise, are located 
along the public roads at short intervals. 

Remarks, 

This portion of the county offers ex- 
cellent opportunity for settlers. Small 
holdings from 25 to 200 acres can be 
readily bought from the large land 
owners. A large number of two-room 
houses, built for the occupation of ten- 
ants, are distributed throughout the dis- 
trict, and usually a purchaser can secure 
a small farm with such a structure ready 
for use. The noithern portion of the 
district is 4 miles from the court house, 
and the southern extremity is 11|- miles. 
The land is strong and fertile, and much 
of it lies exceptionally well for the plow. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



SANDY CREEK DISTRICT, 

Being the State Militia District No. 219. 



Area. 

10,157 acres — 15.9 square miles. 

Population, 

White voters, 43 ; colored, 96. 

White population 250 

Colored population 450 

Total 700 

Location. 

Lies in the northern ha'f of the county, 
wedged in between Buck Branch dis- 
trict on the east and Kinney's district 
on the west, and extends northward from 
the city limits of Athens to the Madison 
and Jackson county lines The Hull road 
is its eastern boundary and the Oconee 
river its western limit. 

Topography. 

The proximity to the river, and the 
presence of Sandy creek and its branch es, 
gives to the district a far more broken 
and hilly character than Puryear's or 
Buck Branch. Sandy creek is a consid- 
erable stream, and has two important 
tributaries in Noketchee and Little 
Sandy creeks. The minor streamlets 
running into the creeks are very plenti- 
ful, and separate hills of great height and 
steep ascent The streams will average 
from 100' to 150' in elevation below the 
hilltops. Notwithstanding the uneven 
surface, the land in this district is rich^ 
and fertile, and the backs of the ridges 
are broad and reasonable in slope. The 
land has been under cultivation for a 
number of years, and in places where 
terracing has been done is not only till- 
able but easily so. As nearly as can be 
estimated, about 50 per cent, of this dis- 
trict is now covered with woods, includ- 
ing a fair proportion of original forest of 



oak and large pines. The steep hillsides 
are usually found thus covered, and the 
higher ground is placed under the plow. 

Roads. 

The district is traversed north and 
south by three important public roads — 
leading into the counties of Madison and 
Jackson — and a movement has been 
started to open a new thoroughfare 
leading to Athens more directly and 
with easier grades than at present. A 
reference to the map will clearly show 
the positions of the present district roads. 

Churches and Schoo's. 

At present there is no church in the 
district other than that at Barberville, 
in the Athens suburbs. The people 
attend services across the line in Madi- 
son county, or at Nicholson, in Jackson 
county. 

There is a county school located in 
Barberville for the whites, and two for 
colored children — one at Johnstown, on 
the Nowhere road, and the other at St. 
Mary's church. 

Marketable Crops. 

The cotton crop of this district yearly 
amounts to 800 bales. Corn is rarely 
sold from this section, but 5,000 bushels 
are raised for home use. About 3,000 
bushels of oats are also produced. 

Property Valuation. 

The tax books show a total $125,670 
of property in this district. Of this the 
negroes own $19,165, being alittle more 
than one-seventh of the total. The cal- 
culation per acre average price gives 
$W. This is for improved property. 
But lands at actual sales have averaged 
$7 per acre. 



u 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



Mills, Gins, Etc 

Two excellent water powers are found 
along the creeks in this district, and a 
third is located just above the county 
line in Jackson county. The first is 
known as Barrett's mill on Noketchee 
creek. The stream at this place drops 
15 feet, and the volume of water makes 
the fall represent 6 H. P. The second 
is further north on Little Sandy creek, 
and now utilized as Totty's mill. This 
water power may be relied on for 6 H. 
P. The third is on the main stream of 
Sandy creek at Colt's mill, and repre- 
sents nearly 10 H. P. Several excellent 
steam gins are also used by this district. 

Farms. 

Of 61 farms in the district, 34 are held 
by white men, and 27 by negroes The 
average farm of the district on this 
basis is 150 acres. Most of the holdings 
by negroes are small farms from 18 to 
60 acres, with a house on each. Placing 
the average negro farm at 30 acres, it 



raises the average farm owned by white 
men to 250 acres. The tenant system is 
not very extensive in this district. 

Stores. 

Most of the trading of the district is 
done at Barberville or Athens, and this 
fact, combined with the small population, 
leaves little room for country stores. 
Two excellent stores at Barberville are 
well sustained. 

Remarks. 

The opening of a new road from 
Totty's mill to the Sandy creek bridge 
is a strong need of the district, and will 
greatly facilitate the traffic throughout 
the region along the east side of Sandy 
creek, both by shortening the distance 
to Athens and by giving much lighter 
grades. The principal land owners of 
the district are J. R. Crawford, J. G. 
Gray, H. F. Comer, H. B. Mitchell, T. 
F Hudson, the Wilson estate, the Yerby 
estate, T. F. Mitchell, A. A. Saye, B. J. 
Porterfield and W. J. Woods. 



BUCK BRANCH DISTRICT, 

Being the State Militia District No. 220. 



Area. 

14,424 acres — 22.5 square miles. 
Population. 

White voters. 111 ; colored, 141. 

White population 555 

Colored population 705 

Total . 1,260 

Location. 

The district lies in the northeast corner 
■of the county, adjoining Madison county 
on the north, Oglethorpe county on the 
east, Puryear's and Georgia Factory dis- 
tricts on the south, the city limits and 
Sandy Creek district on the west. Official 
surveys made by C. B. Daniell, C. S., 
•calls for the following: limits : 



Beginning at the county line on the 
Athens and Lexington road and follow- 
ing said road, with the bearing and dis- 
tances as given under Puryear's district, 
to the mouth of Ransom's branch ; 
thence, dividing Buck Branch from Geor- 
gia Factory district, the line runs: N65^ 
w 50 chains to the head of branch in 
Kinnebrew's field, thence following 
down said branch s65i w 5 chains, n7 w 
29 chains,s88 w 9 chains, s57^w 18 chains, 
s81 wis chains, xi^l^ w 13 chains, s35-^ w 
5 chains, sll e 4 chains, s51-|- wl4 chains, 
s89iw 4 chains, s2wl0 chains. s45i^ w8 
chains to where branch enters Oconee 
river, thence up said river n32 w 16 
chains, s81 w 18 chains, s70 w 26 chains. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



45 



n4^ w20 chains, nl54-e 10 chains, nG4 w 
16 chains to the city limits. The district 
line follows the city limits to where it 
crosses the Hull road, and from thence 
runs with said road to the Madison 
county line as follows: NGO^ e 14 chains, 
n78% e 10 chains, n69 e 6 chains, n57^ 
e 16 chains, n62^ e 6 chains, n'i'i^V e 4 
chains, n'29 e 54 chains, n4^ w6, nl9 e4, 
n45^ e H3 chains, n47 e 16 chains, n43^ 
e 75 chains, nl8^ e 12 chains, n38e 2 9 
chains, n29^ e 6 chains, n 12-^ e7 chains, 
n2U w 10 chains, n46i e 7, nl4^ e 8.50 
chains, n23 w 14 chains, n463^ w 85 
chains, n45^ w 18 chains, n50 w 7 chains, 
n64^ e 7 chains, n54-|- e 8.20 chains to the 
Madison line. 

The other boundaries of the district 
follow the Clarke county lines with 
Madison and Oglethorpe. 

Topography. 

The great body of this district lies on 
the broad back of the plateau which 
forms the dividing area at the point be- 
tween the watershed of the Oconee and 
South Broad rivers. The head waters 
of Shoal creek, one branch of Big creek, 
and the whole watershed of Trail creek 
drains this district into the Oconee river. 
The headwaters of Beaver Dam creek 
likewise take their rise in the extreme 
northeastern part of the district and 
flow into the South Broad river. Roll- 
ing upland is present in great abund- 
ance, and the creek valleys are not so 
deep, nor with sides so hilly as farther 
south. Springs and branches are quite 
numerous, running like rays from the 
curving sides of the plateau into the 
main water courses. This district, too, 
has felt the axe to a marked degree on 
its original forest, and claims but a small 
percentage now standing. Secondary 
growth has been vigorous, and the 
shaded land may be fairly placed at 40 



per cent., leaving 60 per cent, of the area 
for the farmers present use. 

Roads. 

A public road runs from Athens to 
the town of Winterville, just on the 
Oglethorpe line. From this road a 
branch to the left leads off northward 
into Madison county, and at Winterville 
several other roads radiate into Ogle- 
thorpe, Madison and Clarke counties. 
A number of cross roads run between 
the main lines and open up the district 
in excellent manaer. 

Winterville. 

On the county line of Ogethorpe and 
Clarke, the thriving little town of Win- 
terville is situated, lying half in one 
county and half in the other. A total 
population of about 500 people is cen- 
tered there. Substantial merchants, 
good store houses, several churches and 
schools, and the presence of the Geor- 
gia railroad, make Winterville a very 
thriving community. The town is very 
young, and has had its growth since the 
Georgia road went through. It derived 
its name from Diedrich Winter, a sturdy 
German, who settled in Clarke county 
in 185(1, and gained large property. The 
town draws its patronage from three 
counties, whose soils are fertile and 
whose people are thrifty. No small 
town in this section is more solidly built 
or more steadily prosperous. 

Churches. 

Outside of Winterville, where two 
thriving churches are in operation, the 
Moore's Grove Baptist church near the 
Madison county line is the most import- 
ant. The negro churches are several 
in number and the services regular. 

Schools. 

An excellent school flourishes in Win- 
terville, another at Mrs. Anthony's, and 



46 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



still another at Moore's Grove church. 
All of them are public schools. The 
colored children have two schools in this 
district. 
Crops, 

As elsewhere throughout the county, 
the main marketable crops are cotton, 
corn, oats and hay. 

The district raises annually from 1,000 
to 2,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 bushels 
of corn, 5,000 bushels of oats, and hay 



of Winterville, and the real estate valua- 
tion of so much of that town as lies in 
the county. Deducting $60,000, there 
remains $153,000 as the valuation on the 
agricultural lands. This sum, divided 
by the acreage of the district, gives an 
average of $10 per acre for the district. 
The presence of the Georgia railroad, 
which traverses the entire district, and 
of the Georgia, Carolina and Northern 
railroad, which runs along the north- 




University of Georgia — Front of Campus. 



and melons for market to the value of 
$1,000 or more. 

Property Valuation. 

The tax digest for 1892 shows the fol- 
lowing totals for this district : 

Property of all kinds, owned by whites $193,170 
Property of all kinds, owned by n.groes 20,360 



$2VS 530 
This, of course, includes the merchan- 
dise carried in stock by the merchants 



western side, have much to do with the 
increased average. Land remote from 
these railroads sells as low as $5 per 
acre, and near them, at $20 to $30. 

Mills, Gins, Etc. 

William's saw mill, on Beavei- Dam 
creek, a number of cotton gins at various 
points, several blacksmith shops and a 
grist mill supply conveniences of their 
kind to the district. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



V 



Farms. 

Fifty-six farms owned by white men, 
and thirteen held by colored men, are 
returned for taxes. The farms in this 
district vary greatly in size, none of them 
being more than 800 acres. The tenant 
system is practiced by the larger farm- 
ers, but not on so large a scale as in 
Puryears district. None of the farmers 
work the land in person. More of the 
farmers work the land in person, and 
with hired labor under yearly contracts 
for ^108 a year for able bodied men. 

The principal land owners of the dis- 
trict are J. F. Anderson, J. A. Pitner, 
G. T. Murrell, the Coile estate, L. J. Ed- 
wards, the Mathews estate, G. T. Bright- 
well, and the Pittard estate. 

Stores. 

There are no country stores in the 
district, owing to the proximity of Win- 
terville and Athens. 
Remarks. 

This district has the advantage of ex- 
cellent farming soil and ready markets 
at Winterville or Athens. The extreme 
farms are not more than nine miles from 
Athens and five miles from the railroad 
at Winterville. Much of the cotton of 
the district is handled at the latter place, 
and shipped to Athens to be compressed 
and exported. The establishment of 
stations on the new Ga., C. and N. R. 
R. further opens up a fine part of this 
district. Land is still cheap at ;^8 per 
acre, and is yearly increasing in value. 



The district is well watered and contains 
many small powers admirably convenient 
for farm purposes. 

Tuckston. 

Is a thriving village community at the 
junction of Buck Branch, Puryear and 
Georgia Factory districts. It lies four 
miles from Athens on the main Lexing- 
ton road, and at a pomt where the public 
road from Whitehall to Winterville 
crosses that road. It takes its name in 
honor of John R. Tuck, who owns a store 
and steam gin at this point, and who is 
a man of influence and public spirit in 
the community. The presence of two 
churches, two schools, two stores, a beef 
market, a gin and saw mill, a shoe and 
blacksmith shop, are evidences of its 
present prosperity. More than one 
hundred people are gathered near this 
poini. Through the community runs 
Greer's lane, once a noted race track, 
and Ransom's spring marks the spot 
near which lies buried, Reuben Ran- 
som, said to be a great uncle of Senator 
Ransom, of North Carolina, and a brave 
soldier of the Revolution His home 
was the resort of many of the most prom- 
inent families of the early days of the 
county. Ransom's spring is supposed 
to have been excavated in the rock by 
the Indians ; and it is stated that be- 
neath the shade of the surrounding 
grove, much of the "Georgia Scenes" 
was written by its distinguished author. 
Judge Longstreet. 



BRADBERRYS DISTRICT, 

Being the State Militia District No. 241. 



Area. 

8,896 acres — 13.6 square miles. 
Population. 

White voters, 45 ; colored, 61. 

White population 250 

Colored population ........ 305 

Total 5.--5 



Location. 

This district occupies the extreme 
western part of the county beyond the 
Middle Oconee river, and north of the 
Princeton district line. This line begins 
on McNutt's Creek at the mouth of 
Malcolm's branch, runs up said branch 
to the head waters of Chauncey's branch, 



A8 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



thence down said branch to the Middle 
Oconee river. The district line then 
follows up the river to the Patman mill 
place, and thence runs with the county- 
lines of Jackson and Oconee counties 
back to the beginning corner. 

Topography. 

The district lies on the broad ridge 
dividing the waters of McNutt's and 
Bear creeks. Most of its surface is ele- 
vated plateaus from which the branches 
flow in quick descent to the river and 
streams. The upland is about 230 feet 
above the river and about 125 feet above 
the valley of McNutt's creek. The 
northern section, adjoining Little Bear 
and Bear Creeks is very rough and 
broken, the water ways cut out narrow 
fissures through the hills, whose sides 
are steep and even precipitous. At places 
the hills broaden out and surround small 
patches of bottom lands. The ridge 
tops are largely cleared of timber, but 
bodies of forests along the river and 
creeks still supply saw mills in the dis- 
trict. The wooded area is about 58% of 
which 20% maybe estimated as original 
forests. 
Roads. 

To reach the district from Athens it 
is necessary to cross Mitchell's bridge, 
and the extension of this road from the 
bridge along the top of the main ridge 
in a westerly direction, constitutes the 
main traffic way of the district. All other 
roads are branches from this. The main 
road is known as the Lawrenceville road. 
At the five-mile post a branch leads 
diagonally to the northwestern section 
of the county and stops at the Jackson 
county line. Another branch at the 
Jennings place leads southerly to Sykes' 
mill and into Oconee county. At the 
eight-mile post an important branch 
leads off to the left into Oconee county 
and on to the town of Monroe. At the 



nine-mile post a right-hand forK leads to 
Fowler's mill on Little Bear creek. 

Churches and Schools. 

Near the 6-mile post on the Lawrence- 
ville road the Baptists have a strong 
church, known as Mt. Zion. Just across 
the Oconee county line there is another 
flourishing church by the name of New 
Hope. The main white school is located 
near Dr. Burson, on the same public road. 
The negroes have a good church and 
two schools in this district. The church 
is about nine miles from Athens, and 
the building is also used for one of the 
schools. The other school is near the 
Jennings place. 

Mills, Gins, Etc. 

Fowler's grist and saw mill, on Little 
Bear creek ; Sykes' mill and gin, on 
McNutts creek ; an excellent mill site 
at the old Patman mill place at the lower 
end of Tallasee shoals ; Thompson saw 
mill, on Little Bear creek just at the 
northwest corner of the county, and a 
site for a mill on McNutts creek where 
the public road crosses, once known as 
the Barnard mill place, represent the 
milling facilities of this section. 

Property Valuation. 

The tax returns for the district during 
1892 amount to ^70,875, owned by 
whites, and $8,480, owned by colored, 
making a total of $79,355. The average 
price of improved lands, based on these 
data, may be taken at $9 per acre, and 
the extremes at from $h to $20 per acre. 

The principal landowners of the dis- 
trict are S. T. Benton, W. N Burson, 
Jesse Daniell estate, J. W. Fulcher, J. 
L. McLeroy, John Sykes, J. N. Weir, 
the Jennings estate, Tolbert Lester, C. 
Hale, H. Fowler and B. J. Oldham. 

Farms. 

Forty-two farms are returned, thirty- 
eight by whites and four by colored. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



49' 



The land is owned in large bodies and 
worked on the tenant system. The 
lands of the district are fertile and well 
watered, and have been under cultiva- 
tion ruany years. 

Crops. 

The principal cash bringing crop is 
cotton, of which the district raised about 
700 bales. Of corn probably 3,000 
bushels, and of oats 1,000 bushels belong 
annually to this district. 



Stores. 

Oldham's store and one on the Law- 
renceville road are the only ones in the 
district. 
Remarks. 

The opening of the Georgia, Carolina 
and Northern R. R. through this district 
has imparted new life and growth. It 
has caused land values to take an up- 
ward movement, and, in fact, opens up 
much property which was hitherto un- 
desirable. 



KINNEY'S DISTRICT, 

Being the State Militia District No. 1347. 



Area. 

9,086 acres — 14.2 squares miles. 
Population. 

White voters, 65 ; colored, 67. 

White population 325 

Colored population 335 

Total 660 

Location. 

Kinney's district takes its name from 
Jos. A. Kinney and lies in the northern 
half of the county between the two 
branches of the Oconee river. By 
recent surveys, a portion of this district 
has been thrown into the Athens dis- 
trict, and the line of division runs from 
a stone on the Mitchell's bridge road in 
a straight line to include the house of 
J. S. Williford on the Newton's bridge 
road. This survey cut off 1,497 acres. 
The two rivers are the eastern and west- 
ern boundaries, and the Jackson county 
line marks its northern limit. 

Topography. 

The district is traversed in a north- 
easterly course by the main ridge which 
separates the two rivers, and from which 
numerous spurs run each way to the 



rivers. The top of this ridge is at a 
general elevation of 225 feet above the 
stream levels, and is undulating and 
varied in outline. Along the rivers and 
branches steep hills are formed, while in 
the center large tracts of sloping upland 
are spread. The waters of Cub creek, 
Poss creek, and Turkey creek, and 
Phinizy's branch, are the principal trib- 
utary streams. Upon them several small 
water powers, varying from 2 to 7 H. P., 
are located. The district has long been 
under cultivation, and much of the land 
is cleared. The woodland will probably 
reach 50 per cent, of the total area of 
which 18 per cent is in original forest. 
Outcroppings of the underlying gniess 
occur at various points along the 
streams. The valleys of both rivers are 
very narrow, especially that of the west- 
ern fork, and but little bottom land is 
found along the banks. 
Roads. 

The Jefferson road is the main north- 
ern tho -oughfare leading along the cen- 
tral ridge with easy grades for the most 
part. The road to Newton's bridge fol- 
lows the eastern side of the district par- 
alleling the N. E. R. R., and crosses the 



50 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



river by Newton's bridge into Sandy- 
Creek district, and thence into Jackson 
county. The Tallasee bridge road tra- 
verses the district on a diagonal to the 
extreme northwest corner, crossing the 
Middle Oconee river at Tallasee shoals 
into Jackson county. A branch of the Jef- 
ferson road leads to the right, crossing 
Cub creek and the county line near the 
home of Marion Williams. The county 
map clearly defines the public road 
system. 

Churches and Schools. 

Bogg's chapel, near the Jefferson road, 
and Prospect church, in the north- 
west corner of the district, near Tallasee 
bridge, are the two church buildings for 
white worshippers of this district. Sev- 
eral negro churches are in the district. 
A Public school on the Jackson line near 
the residence of J. R. Nichols, and sev- 
eral others at convenient points in the 
district, are kept open during five 
months of the year. 

Crops. 

Cotton, corn, hay, oats and so.ghum 
are raised. Of these cotton is the prin- 
cipal marketable staple. The district 
raises about 800 bales per annum. 

Property Valuation. 

According to the tax digest for 1892, 
the total property is placed at $253,860, 
which includes the 1,497 acres recently 
cut off from the district. Of this amount 
the more valuable portion is located near 
the city of Athens, where a number of 
fine suburban residences are located, and 
where the value of land is high under the 
hope that it will soon be needed for build- 
ing lots. That portion is in reality a part 
of Athens, and though not subject to 
city taxes, is within th'^ influence of the 
electric car line and other city improve- 



ments. Valuable brick yards along the 
Northeastern Railroad also swell the 
property returns for this district. Taking 
away these artificial factors, the land 
values of the district will range at $10 
per acre. Within the city-affected area 
property is held all the way from $20 to 
$1,000 per acre. 

Mills, Gins, Etc. 

The excellent grist mill, known as 
McLeroy's mill, is in this district, and 
near the railroad station of the same 
name. On the Jackson county line an- 
other excellent grist and saw mill is 
operated by the Fowlers. Several steam 
gins are to be found at convenient points 
in the district. The magnificent water 
power of Tallasee Shoal, with a total 
fall of 43 feet and a gross H. P. of i,ooo, 
is at present not utilized. 

Farms. 

Forty three farms over i8 acres each 
are returned for taxes; 39 owned by 
white men, 4 by colored. Some of them 
are of large extent, and the principal 
land owners are Patman Lester, G. F. 
Hunnicutt, J. R. Nichols, Marion Wil- 
liams, Jackson & Vincent, Harvey 
Archer, W. A. Gilleland, estate, Phinzy 
estate and J. A. Hunnicutt. 

Stores. 

Mr. T. J. Poss now runs a general 
merchandise store on the Tallasee road 
and David E. Sims on the Mitchell 
Bridge road. 

Remarks. 

The G. C. & N. R. R. touches this 
district and has a station at McLeroys. 
The extreme point of the district is at 
a distance of 91-2 miles from Athens. 
The Tallassee Shoals are five miles from 
McLeroys Station. The land produces 
well and is abundantly watered. 



ANI) THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



51 



PRINCETON DISTRICT, 

Being the State Militia District No. 1467. 



Area. 

4,178 acres — 6.5 square miles. 

Population. 

White voters, 72 ; colored, 40. 
White population 
Colored population 

Total 



450 
200 

650 



Location. 

The district was laid out in February, 
1891, and touches the city limits on the 
southwest and follows the Georgia Fac- 
tory district on the east, the Oconee 
county line on the south and southwest, 
adjoins Bradberry's district on the west 
and Athens district on the north. Offi- 
cial surveys place the boundary as fol- 
lows : Beginning at a point on the 
Oconee river at the mouth of Barber's 
creek, and running up said creek to the 
mouth of McNutt's creek, thence up 
McNutt's creek to the mouth of Mal- 
colm's branch on the north side of 
McNutt's creek, thence up said branch 
to the head waters of Chauncey's branch, 
thence down said branch to the Middle 
Oconee river, thence down said river to 
Yerkin's island, near the mouth of Bob- 
bin Mill creek, and thence 1139-2 e 84.65 
chains to the city limits of Athens; 
thence with the city limits to the Macon 
and Northern railroad, thence with said 
railroad to a sewer near residence of 
Dock Giles, thence to said Giles' spring, 
thence down the spring branch n78^ 
w 14.50 chains, thence west to the corner 
of John R. White's property, thence 
&6\% W30 chains with White's line to 
the Oconee river, and thence down said 
river to the besrinning: corner. 



Topography. 

The general surface of the district is 
uneven and hilly, being broken by the 
deep valleys of the Middle Oconee river 
and McNutt's creek, as well as by the 
waters of Bobbin Mill creek and numer- 
ous small branches. Some of the farm- 
ing lands lie well for cultivation, but the 
larger proportion of the district may be 
classed as hillside land. The district 
has about 55 percent, of its area in wood- 
land, the remainder being cleared and 
under cultivation. 

Towns. 

Two small towns are found in the dis- 
trict surrounding the mills at Princeton 
and on McNutt's creek. 

The town of Princeton is incorporated 
and has a population of 225. Most of it 
is built on the lands of the Princeton 
mills. It takes its character from the 
presence of the cotton mill, in which 
most of the inhabitants are employed. 
Two stores, a school, a church and Sun- 
day school and a blacksmith shop are 
also found at this point. 

Princeton Mills. 

The mill building is a large two-story 
brick structure well lighted and afford- 
ing ample room for the machinery. 
Thirty-five hundred spindles and one 
hundred looms are in operation. The 
motive power is drawn from the Middle 
Oconee River at this point where a large 
dam with 1 5 feet fall gives nearly 500 
gross horse power. Of this the mills 
now utilize 125 H. P. by means of tur- 
bines. The possibility of enlarging the 
plant is easy in the light of the unused 
power at hand. The company was cap- 



52 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



italized at $60,000 in 1836 and later a 
re-organization took place in which the 
capital was made $65,000. It is entirely 
owned by the heirs of Dr. J. S. Hamil- 
ton, and operated as a stock company 
with J. S. Hamilton, one of the heirs, 
as president and general manager. 
The mills now turn out ducks, osna- 
burgs and a fine grade of cotton rope. 
One hundred and ten operatives are 



It is not incorporated, but sixty or more 
people are congregated in a small area in 
easy distance from the mill. For a 
number of years the mill has been used 
to make the various grades of wrapping 
and news paper. The company did busi- 
ness in this line until 1 890. For the past 
years the plant has been idle, but has 
been reorganized under the name of the 
Alpha mills for the manufacture of cotton 




Residence of Billups Phinizy — IVIilledge Avenue. 



given employment, and the monthly pay 
roll amounts to $1400. This excellent 
property can be purchased from the 
present owners, through J. S. Hamilton, 
1 16 acres of land being part of the prop- 
erty. 

Paper Mill. 

Around the factory, at the junction of 
McNutt's and Barber's creeks, has grown 
up a similar town, but of smaller size. 



yarns and rope. The factory will be en 
larged to accommodate 2,080 spindles, 
and new machinery will be put in. 

Roads 

The district is at present traversed by 
the main road from Athens to Watkins- 
ville, which passes directly by both 
Princeton and the Paper mill. A new 
road is now being opened, as shown on 
the map, which crosses the river two 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



miles above Princeton, and opens up a 
section of the district which hitherto has 
been difficult of access. 

Property Valuation. 

The tax returns for this district in 
1892 give : 

Total property owned by whites $105,300 
Total property owned by colored 8,985 



Total $114,285 

Of this amount about $70,000 repre- 
sents the property of the two large fac- 
tories, leaving $54,285 as the value of 
farming lands in the district. The aver- 
age price of improved land per acre from 
these figures will be $9 per acre. That 
portion of the district on the east of 
Middle Oconee river is valued at a much 
higher figure, ranging from $12 to $40 
per acre ; while the western part shows 
by recent sales a value of from $4 to $6. 
The principal land owners in the district 
are G. E. Heard, Mrs. John Sansom, 
Robert Connally, T. J. Epps, David Gann, 
J. A. Hunnicutt, John Couch and the 
two factory companies. 

Churches and Schools. 

Church and school buildings are loca- 
ted at Princeton and the Paper Mill, and 
Mars Hill Baptist church in Oconee 
county is in easy reach of many. The 
churches in Athens are also frequented 
by a number of the residents of this dis- 
trict. Two colored schools are also in 
this district. 



Mills, Gins, &c. 

Outside of the two factories there are 
several mill sites in the district. Jen- 
nings Shoal on Middle Oconee River is 
now unused but was formerly employed 
to run a large grist mill. The Bobbin 
Mill is at present closed down, but has 
a good power and is equipped for the 
manufacture of bobbins. Epps Gin on 
McNutt's creek is an excellent power, 
now applied for ginning purposes. 
Stores. 

None outside of Princeton and the 
Paper Mill. 
Farms. 

The district comprises twenty-four 
farms. Eighteen with white and six 
with colored owners. The farms are 
not very large, and much of the land is 
difficult of cultivation. Good returns, 
however, are secured from the uplands 
and the soil is strong and fertile. The 
tenant system is practised to some ex- 
tent. 
Crops. 

The usual crops of corn, oats, and 
cotton are generally grown. Of these 
the district annually raises 500 to TOO 
bales of cotton, 3000 to 4000 bushels of 
corn, and 1200 to 1500 bushels of oats. 
Remarks. 

The district lies very near to Athens 
and will be greatly advanced by the 
opening of the new road. This road 
crosses the river by easy grades on each 
side, and will doubtless, become a favor- 
ite thoroughfare. 



H 



OLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



ATHEN'S DISTRICT, 

Being the State Militia District No. 216, 
including 

THE CITY OF ATHENS 



Area. 

6,603 acres, 10.4 square miles, includ- 
ing the city of Athens, with an area of 
3,506 acres, and adjoining lands to the 
amount of 3,097 acres, The citv limits 
are marked by stone posts on all the 
roads leading out of Athens, and the 
jurisdiction of the city extends one and 
one-half miles in every direction from 
the University chapel. 

Population. 

White registered voters, 832 ; colored, 
535. 



White population 
Colored population 

Total 
Location. 



5,400 
4,600 

10,000 



The city is near the center of the 
county on a parallel to the southwestern 
boundary. The northwest and south- 
east corners of the county, as measured 
by the public roads, are each 11^2 miles 
from the center of the city. Latitude is 
N 33° 56' and longitude 83° 21' west of 
Greenwich. Athens is 60 miles east of 
Atlanta, 107 miles north of Macon, and 
115 miles northwest of Augusta. The 
main portion of the city is on the west 
bank of the Oconee river at an elevation 
of 180' above the river, and 750' above 
sea level. 

Topography. 

The city is built on the ridges which 
rise up from the Oconee river, and from 



several small streams that lead into that 
river. The main ridgetop is gently undu- 
lating, and is outlined by the path of the 
electric car line on the city map. The 
gound slopes away from this ridge with 
rapidity, and the city is quite hilly and 
uneven in consequence. Building of the 
better class has in the main clung to the 
ridge and its numerous spurs, while the 
hillsides are dotted with the home of the 
colored people. The aspect which the 
city presents to strangers is a very 
pleasing one. Wei built and imposing 
structures mark the business portion of 
the town, and many handsome resi- 
dences, with beautiful grounds, are found 
on the residence streets. The ante bellum 
architecture of large porticos, with enor- 
mous pillars after Grecian types, stand 
in charming contrast to many handsome 
modern edifices. The city is almost a 
continuous grove of oaks, and the large 
grounds surrounding the houses are 
beautiful with evergreens, exotics, and 
grassy swards. 

The principal business streets of the 
city are Broad, Clayton, College avenue, 
Oconee, Lumpkin, Foundry and Jackson 
streets. Most of the important build- 
ings are located on these streets, with- 
in the fire limits, as shown on the map. 

The principal residence streets are 
Prince avenue, Milledge avenue. Hill 
street, Cobb street, the Boulevard, re- 
cently opened ; Barber street, Hancock 
avenue, Thomas street, Hull street and 
Bearing street. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



The First Methodist church, First 
Presbyterian and First Baptist churches 
are located in the heart of the city. 
Emanuel Episcopal church is at the 
junction of Hill street and Prince ave- 
nue, and the Roman Catholic and Chris- 
tian churches are also on Prince avenue, 
but nearer the business portion of the 
city. The grounds of the University 
campus form an attractive feature of 
the city at the head of College avenue. 
The Lucy Cobb institute and chapel are 
permanently situated on Milledge ave- 
nue, and the Home school on Prince 
avenue. 

That section of the city on the east 
of the Oconee river bears the name of 
East Athens. It covers a large area and 
is already thickly settled. The electric 
lights have been extended to this section, 
and the water mains of the works now 
under construction, will extend through 
the main streets of East Athens. 
Property is comparatively cheap in East 
Athens, audit is an inviting field for the 
purchasers of homes. Its recent growth 
has been very rapid, and a large number 
of new houses are in process of erec- 
tion. F"our bridges, at short distances 
from each other, form a close connection 
between it and the business portion of 
the city. The people of East Athens 
are energetic and thrifty, and they con- 
stitute a sturdy and important part of 
the city's industrial development. 
Historical. 

Much of the history of Athens is else- 
where told in connection with the arti- 
cles on the county and on the Univer- 
sity. Its foundation in 1806 and its 
classical name, its complete identifica- 
tion with the educational interests of 
the State for many years, and the rivalry 
which its growth engendered, with the 
town of Watkinsville, resulting in the 
division of the , county, have all been 



noted. But other interesting facts re- 
main appropriate to the object of this 
sketch. The early government of the 
town was in the hands of a town council, 
and the chief executive ofificer was 
known as the Intendant. The charter 
at that time was very circumscribed and 
yet satisfactory to the people. In 187:2 
the present charter was granted and the 
first mayor and council were elected 
early in that year. 

The social life of Athens in antebel- 
lum days had many marked peculiari- 
ties. The town had attracted by virtue 
of its educational advantages a large 
number of wealthy and cultured people; 
the history of the State is dotted at 
very frequent intervals with the names 
of Athens men. The University com- 
mencements were occasions of most 
lavish hospitality, and scarcely a home 
could be found at such times that did 
not hold a distingushed guest. As there 
were no railroad facilities, for many 
years, everybody came in private car- 
riages ; those from Savannah and the 
lower portion of the State making 
Athens their stopping place on the way 
to Madison Springs and the picturesque 
summer resorts around Clarkesville and 
Tallulah Falls. Those concerned in the 
affairs of State followed the Governor 
and Senatus Academicus to Athens and 
all were accorded a generous welcome. 
Many of the political slates in State and 
national politics were concocted at such 
times in the handsome drawing rooms 
that fringe the University campus. 
Before an audience of this description, 
made attractive by beauty as well as 
renown the young recipients of college 
honors made their best bows and deliv- 
ered their best speeches. 

At such times a curious spectacle 
was presented on the exterior of the 
college campus. The colored popula- 



56 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. 



tion from far and near gathered to cele- 
brate a holiday. Dressed in their Sun- 
day best and gorgeous in all the hues of 
the rainbow, they surged around the 
hundred booths in which the toothsome 
■delicacies of tarts, fried chicken and 
gingerbread were dispensed for a mod- 
erate sum. 

The political significance of the Uni- 
versity's commencement has been lost 
in the reorganization of its trustees ; and 
the homely custom of the negroes has 
gradually become a thing of the past. 
But the commencement of to-day is still a 
notable intellectual and social event in 
the State and attracts the attendance 
of large numbers of the alumni and 
friends of the University. 

The growth of Athens, since it has 
been a city, has been rapid without 
being hollow. No gigantic booms have 
struck the town, and yet in ten years the 
tax returns have nearly doubled. The 
interests of the city are no longer en- 
tirely based on the University, but have 
attained a vigor and extent in the com- 
mercial and manufacturing lines which 
are influential over a large adjoining 
area. The advent of railroads has been 
frequent. In 1846 the Georgia railroad 
was built from Augusta to Athens, in 
1875 the Northeastern railroad was built 
to Lula to connect with the Piedmont 
Air-Line. In 1887 this same line was 
extended southward, under a different 
company, to make connection with Ma- 
con, and in 1891 the city welcomed the 
G. C. & N. R. R., which passes through 
on its way to Atlanta. So that now the 
city ranks as an important railroad cen- 
ter, and has excellent traffic arrange, 
ments to the great east, to the equally 
great west, and to the southern seaboard 
at Brunswick, Savannah, Port Royal, 
Charleston, Portsmouth and Norfolk. 
Marking the steps in manufacturing, 



two cotton mills, two large foundries, 
two large planing mills, two ice facto- 
ries, an oil and fertilizer mill, and other 
smaller enterprises, are now in opera- 
tion. Marking the city like acquisitions, 
a gas company has long been in opera- 
tion, replaced in part by electric 
lights furnished by the same company 
since I8y0; waterworks built in 1882, and 
now being substituted by a more abund- 
ant supply ; electric cars in operation 
since 1891, public schools begun m 1886^ 
a paid fire department since 1891, sewers 
and paved sidewalks at the same 
date. Bonds have been issued for 
paving the streets with belgian 
blocks and macadam, and before long 
this much needed improvement will be 
consummated. 

In the last few years the city has 
taken a very vigorous growth, and a large 
amount of building is rapidly improving 
the place. 

CITY GOVERNMENT. 

The city of Athens was constituted a 
municipality in 1872, under a charter 
from the General Assembly, which is 
liberal in its privileges and duly guarded 
against the abuse of power. The gov- 
ernment is in the hands of a mayor and 
council chosen by popular vote. 

City Officers 

The mayor of Athens is the chief ex- 
ecutive officer of the city. To be eligi- 
ble for this office a citizen must be at least 
twenty-five years of age and a resident 
of the city for the two years immediately 
preceding the election. The Mayor has 
genral supervision of the city affairs, pre- 
sides over the meetings of the council, 
enforces all city ordinances, and through 
the medium of the mayor's court im- 
poses fines, imprisonment or work on 
the city streets, for violation of these 
ordinances. The salary of the mayor is 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



57 



fixed by the council, and at present is 
;^1,200 per year. The term of office is 
two years from the month of January suc- 
ceeding the election. The present in- 
cumbent was elected for the years 1892 
and 1893. 

Aldermen. 

The city council is composed of eight 
aldermen, two of which are chosen from 
each of the four wards into which the 
city is divided. The term of ofifice is 
two years, but it is arranged that one 
alderman from each ward goes out of 
office annually and the vacsncy is filled 
by election. An alderman must be at 
least twenty-one years of age and a res- 
ident ot the ward he represents for the 
ten days preceding his election. 

The Mayor and Council. 

Are charged with large power, nota- 
bly with the determination of the tax 
rate, with the collection and expendi- 
tures of the same, with the choice of all 
other city officers than themselves, with 
the fixing of all salaries and with the 
auditing and payment of all accounts 
against the city. They control the city 
affairs at present through the following 
standing committees appointed by the 
mayor from the members of the council : 
On Public Property. On Streets. 
On Markets. On Railroads. 

On Lights. On Public Schools. 

On Police. On Water Works. 

On Fire Department. On Sewers. 
On Fire Alarm. On Ordinances. 

On Health. On Printing. 

On Petitions and Communications. 
On Finance. 

The city officers elected by the mayor 
and council are : 

(a) C/cj-k of Council, a most important 
officer, who has charge of the city re- 
cords and acts, and is treasurer of the 
city funds. He likewise receives all pay- 



ments of city taxes. He receives a sal- 
ary of $2,000 and is chosen annually. 

(b) Police Force, consisting of a chief 
of police and ten policemen vested with 
the usual authority of such officers. 

(c) Fire Dcpartuient, the city is now 
provided with a paid fire department 
supported out of the general taxes. The 
force consists of a chief officer and 10 
assistant firemen. They are provided 
with a splendid equipment, and an elec- 
tric fire alarm communicates with the 
Presbyterian church bell and the engine 
houses. This department was installed 
in 1891 as successor to a volunteer fire 
department which v/as noted through- 
out the State, both for efficiency in 
times of need and for skill and quick- 
ness in the various competitive contests 
in which they took part. A large num- 
ber of prizes have been brought proudly 
home from Augusta, Columbus, Rome, 
and other cities in the State. But the 
city has grown and modern methods 
have come in to make the city even 
more secure from loss by fire. 

(d) Board of Health, consisting of five 
members, is annually appointed to in- 
spect all portions of the city and report 
nuisances. This work is also looked 
after by a special sanitary inspector, and 
by the city physician. 

(e) City Engineer. The care of the 
streets, the laying of sidewalks and pave- 
ments, the construction of sewers and 
waterworks, have made the office of City 
Engineer one of great importance. 

(f) City Attorney. Has charge of all 
legal business of the city. 

Commissions. The city has recognized 
the wisdom of dealing with special ques- 
tions of city government through the 
medium of commissions, or boards 
chosen by and acting under the authority 
of the Council, or under general laws 
endorsed by popular vote. 



58 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



In this way it comes about that the 
question of public education is duly in 
charge ot the board of education, that 
a sewer commission was charged mth. 
the construction of the sewerage system, 
that three water commissioners are now 
engaged in the erection of the city water 
works plant, and that the vexed question 
of the sale of intoxicants is regulated by 
a body known as the Dispensary Com 
mission. The latter commission deals 
with a question of so much general in- 
terest that it will be proper to give in 
detail the plan under which its work is 
done, and some account of the steps 
leading to the adoption of this method. 

The Dispensary. 

The city of Athens had licensed bar 
rooms during the early part of its histo- 
ry. In 188n the prohibition movement 
took strong shape and carried the coun- 
ty under the general local option law of 
the state. This prohibition law stopped 
the sale of all intoxicating beverages, 
save by duly licensed drug stores who 
could make sales only on the pre- 
scription of a physicion. This 
plan worked badly. A large amount 
of liquors was sold illegally, and 
it was well nigh impossible to convict 
offenders. Such a state of facts brought 
on another fight, and an election on the 
question in 1891. The outcome of this 
struggle was the present dispensary 
plan carried by eleven votes, but which 
has worked so well that to all appear- 
ances the whole community is satisfied 
with the decision. The matter stands 
now where it will require a special legis- 
lative enactment to bring the question 
to another vote. 

The plan as it now stands recognizes 
several broad principles. 

First. That spirituous liquors are a 
commodity, if for no other reason, on 
account of their medicinal value. There- 
fore the people are concerned simply in 
regulating the sale, not in its prohibi- 
tion. 

Second. The sale of such liquors, if 
left in the hands of those who have a 
pecuniary interest in the amount sold, 
will be greater than in answer to the 
voluntary demand. 



Third. If none but pure liquors shall 
be sold, the damage to the consumers is 
greatly reduced. 

Fourth. If the price of sale be made 
low, the violation of the law by illegal 
sellers is largely precluded on the gen- 
eral business principle of competition. 

Accordingly, the city has established 
its own dispensary, under the direction 
of three commissioners, who have sole 
power of regulating the sale of liquors 
in Athens and Clarke county. These 
commissioners have elected a manager 
who is paid a fixed salary of ^1,500. All 
liquors sold are first analyzed by a 
chernist and pronounced pure. The sale 
is made in quantities not less than a half 
pint, put up in sealed packages, and not 
to be consumed on the premises. No 
loitering on the premises is permitted. 
The doors are opened from sunrise to 
sunset. The manager can refuse sale to 
an intoxicated person, or to one whom 
he has reason to suspect of purchasing 
for re-selling. No sale to liquor dealers 
can be made, and no individual can buy 
at one time more than two gallons. The 
price may not exceed 50 per cent, profit 
on the original cost. The dispensary 
was started by funds from the city treas- 
ury, which have since been paid back, 
and it is now run on the accrued profits. 
All profits over and above running ex- 
penses and stock are annually divided, 
proportionally, between the city and 
county, llie manager furnishes bond 
in $2,000. 

One of the three Commissioners goes 
out of office each year. His successor 
is nominated by the two remaining Com- 
missioners, and elected by the City 
Council. 

Waterzuoi'ks. The city up to this time 
has rented its supply of water for city 
use and fire protection from a private 
company. This has proven unsatisfac- 
tory, and bonds have been floated for the 
construction of a new plant, supplying 
1,000,000 gallons per day, of pure, filtered, 
freestone water. By the addion of extra 
filters, the plant will readily furnish 
2,000,000 gallons daily. Nearly sixteen 
miles of mains will be laid to distribute 
the supply throughout the city, being 
double the length now used by the pri- 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



59 



vate company. Work on the new system 
is rapidly jDrogressing and will be com- 
pleted during- the summer of 1893. 

Electric Lig-hting. 

The city purchases its electric lights 
and gas lamps under contract from the 
Athens Gas and Electric Light Compa- 
ny. The electric lights swung high in 
the centre of the streets are placed 
about eight hundred feet apart on the 
main streets to the number of 56, and 
gas lamps at street corners to the num- 
ber of 42, are used on less important 
thoroughfares. Together the two kinds 
of light make a very effective and com- 
plete systen in all parts of the city. 



grading and surfacing has been done 
and bonds are voted for the pavement of 
the principal streets with Belgian block 
and Macadam. Already a large part of 
the city is furnished with brick side- 
walks built partly by the city and partly 
at the expense of property owners. 
Usually the expense is divided, lyi to 
the owner and i^ to the city, the work 
being done by the city street force. 

Taxes. 

The city levied for 1892 a property 
tax of 10 mills on the dollar, a street tax 
of ^2.00 per poll, and special taxes on 
business enterprises. The annual re- 
port of the clerk of council will show in 
detail below, the receipts and expendi- 
tures of the city, the assets of the same 
and the outstanding obligations: 



Street Improvement. 

The city streets are improved under 
the care of the city engineer. Much 

CITY TREASURER'S REPORT. 

To the Honorable Mayor and Council o/the Cily of Athens: 

I respectfully submit the following Annual Report as Treasurer of the City of Athens for the 
year 1892 : TOTAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 



Jan. 1. To cash on hand in all f unds.$ 


15,826 91 


Jan.l. By cash paid on Fire Depart- 




'' " from Dispensary ac- 




ment acc't. .8 


8,057 14 


'' " " count 


53,985 00 


" '' '• "• Di spensary 




" " " Light account. 


1 75 


account ... 


44,960 26 


" " " Magazine fees. 


133 64 


'■ •' " " Street acc't. 


12,971 79 


'' " " Miscellaneous 




" " ■' " Water acc't. 


5,312 01 


accounts 


728 19 


" " " " Salaries of 




" " " Billiard and 




Assessors for 




" " ' Pool license . 


100 00 


1892 


300 00 


" " " Fines 


1,753 10 


" " " " Printing and 




" " " Market fees . 


1.083 10 


Stat ionery 




" " " Street account. 




account . 


926 22 


paving etc ... 


1,905 96 


" " " •' Light acc't. 


7,37 r 76 


" " " Sewer acccunt, 




" " " " Officers sal- 




including sale 




ary acc't 


4,568 29 


of bonds 


14,853 08 


" " " " Pauper acc't 


804 68 


" " " Vehicle license 


515 00 


" " " Purchase of 




" " " Sewer rents. . . 


815 00 


City Hall lot 


4.240 00 


'• " '• Fire departm't 
sale of hose,etc 


100 10 


" " •' '• Police acc't. 
" " •' " Sewer acc't. 


8,837 86 
534 54 


" " •" Sewer bond ac- 




'' " " "Mis cellane- 




count, accrued 




ous acc'nts, 




interest, etc.. . 


256 20 


school build- 




" " " Police account, 




ings,rents.etc 


7,419 96 


prison fees 


14 00 


" " " "Pioneer 




" " " Speciiic taxes. . 


6,785 50 


bonds and in- 




" " ■' General taxes. 


66,619 22 


terest 

" " " " Sewer bond 


633 25 






account ... 


879 12 






" •' '' '• School bond 








account .... 


1,000 00 






" " " '• College bond 








account .... 


1,928 00 






" " " " Railr'd bond 








account 


7,295 00 






" " " " Public Sch'l 








account 


12,667 98 






Dec.31. '' " on hand in all funds 


33,901 89 



$165,475 75 



$165,475 75 



w 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



DEBT. 

6 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to 

Railroads, due January 1, 1893.^ 5,000 00 

8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to 

Railroads, due January 1, 1893. 23,000 00 

8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1883, to 

College, due July 1st, 1898 24,500 00 

5 per cent bonds, issue of July, 
1886, for Public Schools, due 
July 1st, 1916 20,000 00 

5 per cent, bonds, issue of July, 
1891, for Sev^ers, due July Ist, 
1921 25,000 00 

5 per cent bonds, is'-ue of Novem- 

ber, Isf, 1892, for Waterworks, 
^1 000 00 due Nov. 1st each year 
for 29 years, and $96,000.00 due 

Nov. 1st, 1922 125,000 00 

'6 per cent: note, due Nov. 8th, 1893, 
to Pioneer Hook & Ladder Co., 
on purchase of building 2,134 16 

6 per cent, note, ciue Nov. 1st, 1893, 

to Mrs. Mattie Herrington. last 
payment for lot on College ave 
nue .... 4,000 00 

6 per cent, note, du(! Mrs. E. A. 
Talmage, January 1st, 1894, last 
payment for school Jot on Oco- 
nee street 3,350 00 

6 per cent, note due Camewell Fire 

Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 2Ist, 1893. 500 00 

•6 per cent, note due Gamewell Fire 

Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 21st, 1894. 500 00 

Total $232,984 16 

ASSETS. 

Washington and Baxter St. School 

Buildings $27,500 00 

City Hall Lot on College avenue. . 15,000 00 

Oconee Street School Building. . . . 4,000 00 

Broad '• '• "... 3 000 00 

East " " "... 3,000 00 

Waterworks land . 3,000 00 

Engine House No. 1 and Pioneer 

Hall 5.000 00 

Horses, hose reel, hose wagon, 

hose, etc 3,000 00 

Gamewrll Fire Alarm Telegraph 

and supplies 2,100 00 

Steam fire ent;ine, harness, furni- 
ture, etc 3,000 00 

Hook and Ladder truck 1,000 00 

Two powder magazines 800 00 

Horses, mules, carts, wagons, rock 

crusher, engine, tools, etc 4,000 00 

Iron Safes and ©fflce furniture 900 00 

Gas posts, globes, lamps, etc . . 2.000 00 

Waterworks plant in construction. 122,000 00 



Total. 



1207,800 00 



TAXABLE PROPERTY. 

As Shown by the Tax Digest for 1892 

POPERTY OF WHITES. 

Real estate $3,584,216 00 

Household and kitchen furniture 211,299 00 
Live stock and vehicles.. ... 77,117 00 
Books, pictures, silverware, jew- 
elry, watches, clocks, etc.... 83,741 00 

Merchandise 439,048 00 

Money and debts 786,329 00 

Bonds 234,465 00 

Bank stock 605,000 00 

Loan Association stock 42,100 00 

Gross receipts of Insurance, Tel- 
egraph and Telephone Go's 248,296 00 

Total $6,311,611 00 

PROPERTY OF COLORED. 

Real estate $ 216,470 00 

Household and kitchen f urn. ture 13,003 00 

Live stock and vehicles 2,521 00 

Merchandise 1,125 00 

Money and debts 623 00 

Total $ 233,642 00 

Total taxable property of whites. $6,311. 611 00 
Total taxable property of colored 233 642 00 

Aggrgate am't taxable of prop'ty. .$6,545,253 00 

Increase in property of whites 

over 1891 $ 188,168 00 

Increase in propei'ty of colored 

over 1891 21,263 00 

Total increase $ 309,431 00 

Outstanding tax executions for 1890. $1,314 96 
Outstanding tax executions for 1891. 1,529 60 



Total outstanding tax executions for 

1890 and 1891 $2,844 56 



Respectfully, 

A. L. MITCHELL, Tresurer. 
December 31st, 1892. 



ANB THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



61 



Elections. 

The city officers subject to popular 
vote are elected on the first Wednesday 
in December, and enter upon the duties 
of their offices in the January following'. 
All officers hold over until their succes- 
sors are qualified. Voters in city elec- 



tions are subject to the registration laws 
of the city. 

The use of primary elections by which 
candidates are nominated avoids much 
friction and unpleasant features in the 
conduct of the elections. 



EDUCATION. 



The educational facilities of the city of 
Athens have always been the most dis- 
tinctive feature of the locality. The 
county was born with the opening' of the 
University of Georgia, and the city was 
given its name under the same influence. 
They both have owed much of their 
growth and advancement to the presence 
of that institution. The city of Athens, 
known as the classic city, had for many 
years no interest of large import outside 
of the University, and it still continues 
to be profoundly influenced by the 
numerous excellent educational institu- 
tions which have sprung up in the cul- 
tured community around the University. 
Athens is recognized as the most im- 
portant seat of learning in the state, and 
the claim is supported by the presence 
of the University, the Lucy Cobb Insti- 
tute, the Home School, the public 
schools of the city, and several private 
schools of much merit. 

The general progress of education in 
this section began with the University's 
establishment, and has kept pace with 
its growth. The Academy system had 
its representative in Athens until 1884. 
The poor school fund, unfortunate in 
name, accomplished some good in the 
early years of the county. But the pri- 
mary education here, and in the State 
never had a very vigorous organization 



until the public schools were established 
by the State in 1S77. As a factor in 
female education, the Lucy Cobb Insti- 
tute was founded here in 1858, and has 
become the most noted school for N'oung 
ladies in the State. Subsequently, in 
1865 Madame Sosnowski, a most accom- 
plish lady, opened the Home school, 
affording an excellent training and home 
life for the young ladies in her charge. 
The public schools of Athens took their 
place in the work in 1886 and were 
wisely planned and brilliantly carried 
out. The duty of educating the colored 
population has been well cared for since 
1870, and has comprised the mainte- 
nance of the Knox School, and various 
other private schools for the colored 
people. At present the city of Athens 
gives to this class of children equal ad- 
vantages of instruction and equipment 
with the whites. 

The main outline of the history and 
work of the principal educational insti- 
tutions are given in the following pages: 

The University. 

The University of Georgia, which has 
found its permanent home in Athens, 
comes down as an heritage from the days 
of the American Revolution. Within 
two years after that war, the Legislature 
of 1784 passed the act which granted 



62 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



40,000 acres of the best public lands in 
the counties of Washington and Frank- 
lin for the establishment of a public seat 
of learning, and in the following year 
ofave a charter to the institution under 
the name of Franklin College. This 
charter was laid down on broad and 
abiding principles, constituted the col- 
lege as the head of the educational sys- 
tem, and gave its president and govern- 
ing board general supervision over the 
entire system of academies and common 
schools aided by public funds. 

Franklin College was located at 
Athens in 1801, after much hesitation; 
the final choice being determined by the 
gift of 633 acres of land by Governor 
John Milledge, upon a portion of which 
the college buildings now stand. The 
site was a beautiful one, upon the high 
hills overlooking the Oconee river, near 
a clear, cool spring, and beneath the 
shade of majestic oaks and hickories, 
which covered a favorite trysting place 
of the Cherokee Indians. The same year 
a contract had been authorized to build 
as a dormitory, the building still in use 
and known as the Old College. Josiah 
Meigs, LL. D., at the time Professor of 
Natural Philosophy in Yale College, was 
elected President, and for ten years la 
bored under almost insuperable difficul- 
ties to raise up an institution of learning. 
Quoting one of his successors in office: 
"The Israelites had not a harder task 
when required to make brick without 
straw, than President Meigs, when, under 
such circumstances, he was required to 
raise up, in a few years, an institution 
which would compare with those of New 
England. President Meigs commenced 
the exercises of the University when 
no college building of any description 
had been erected. Recitations were often 
heard and lectures delivered under the 
shade of the forest oak ; and for years 



he had almost the entire instruction of 
the college, aided only by a tutor, or 
some member of the higher classes." 

The first commencement was held in 
1804 in a rustic arbor, amidst the gather- 
ing of a few friends of the College, and 
witnessed the graduation of ten young 
men with the honors of the institu- 
tion. Other states have overcome 
obstacles in building up their universi- 
ties, but none of them have ventured to 
send forth their young offspring with an 
infested wilderness for a habitation, and 
without a roof for its head. Yet, for ten 
years. Dr. Meigs braved these dangers, 
and graduated more than fifty men with 
the regular A. B. degree. 

But having thus secured a foothold, 
the University has continued to grow; 
always surrounded by difficulties and 
antagonized by influential elements in 
the state, but wisely managed by such 
men as Moses Waddell, Alonzo Church, 
Andrew A. Lipscomb and Patrick H. 
Mell. The periods of most marked ex- 
pansion in the University have the dates 
of 1859 and 1872. At the former radical 
changes in the curricula and disciplina- 
ry methods took place whereby a greater 
importance was given to scientific studies 
and tutorial espionage was abolished; 
at the latter date the addition to the 
landscrip fund materially modified the 
organization of the college by the estab- 
lishment of the State College of Agri- 
culture and Mechanic Arts. From the 
latter date the University of Georgia 
became the legal title including under 
separate faculties the Old Franklin Col- 
lege for classical training and the State 
College for scientific instruction. The 
head of the institution became known as 
Chancellor of the University of Georgia. 
Various changes have taken place on the 
governing board of the institution, start- 
ing with the Senatics Academicus (the 



AND THE CITY OF ATHEN.S. 



63 



State Senate and a board of trustees),then 
a board of trustees of large number, until 
the present board is reached, composed of 
one representative from each congress- 
ional district, four from the state at large, 
two from the city of Athens, and ex-officio 
the Governor of the state, and the presi- 
dent of the local boards in charge of the 
Georgia Technological School, the Girls 
Industrial College, and the College for 
Colored Youths, all branches of the 
parent institution. Under the State 
Constitution of 1887 the University is 
the sole recipient of public moneys for 
higher education, and as such has a 
number of branch institutions. 

The organization at present embraces 
Franklin College, The State College of 
Agricultural and Mechanic Arts, Aca- 
demic and Professional Schools in Mathe- 
matics, History, Physics, Chemistry, An- 
cient and Modern Languages, Geology, 
Agriculture, Law, Medicine, and Engin- 
eering ; The Georgia Technological 
School ; The Girl's Industrial School ; 
The College for Colored Youth ; and 
branch colleges at Dahlonega, Thomas- 
ville, Cuthbert, Hamilton and Milledge- 
ville. Of these Franklin College and 
the State College, all the academic 
schools and the professional schools of 
Law and Engineering are located in 
Athens. 

The chancellor of the University has 
supervision over the entire institution. 
The departments at Athens are arranged 
under the management of. The General 
Faculty for both colleges ; the Academic 
Faculty for Franklin College ; the Scien- 
tific Faculty for the State College; and 
the law Faculty for that school. The 
academic faculty is provided with a dean 
as presiding officer, and the State col- 
lege has its separate president. 

The instruction offered in the Univer- 
sity has won the recognition of the State 



as being thorough and substantial in 
every department. Regular courses of 
four years each are arranged leading to 
the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, 
Bachelor of Letters, and Bachelor of 
Science in the Franklin College; and to 
Bachelor of Science, (special). Bachelor 
of Engineering, and Bachelor of Agricul- 
ture in the State College. Masters de- 
grees are likewise offered upon success- 
ful completion of additional work. Each 
year beginning the first of January, 
a special course adopted to the needs of 
farmer's sons is available. It is given 
at a time when the farms can be left 
with greatest ease, and fills a need that 
has long existed in the State. Every 
opportunity is given to students in 
special subjects to pursue their stud- 
ies at the University, certificates being- 
given when honestly deserved. The 
admission requirements are made com- 
paratively low, (embracing English, 
Mathematics, Latin and Greek) but the 
gates to higher classes and graduation 
are opened only by steady effort and 
intelligent progress on the part of the 
student. The tuition in the academic 
schools is free to all young men of Geor- 
gia above the age of sixteen. 

The institution is thoroughly equipped 
for all branches of its work — with a 
splendid library for general and literary 
purposes, with special libraries for each 
department, with magnificent scientific 
apparatus and laboratory facilities in the 
schools of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, 
and Engineering, and with an excellent 
farm in charge of the professor of Agri- 
culture, and for the use of students in 
that subject. The buildings of the 
University are large and the rooms well 
fitted with benches, desks, maps and 
blackboards. 

The present force of professors and 
instructors numbers fourteen, and their 



6Jt 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



work is characterized by conscientious 
and intelligent effort. The relation 
between professors and students is one 
of marked sympathy and friendship, and 
cases where severe discipline is needed 
are practically unknown. The funda- 
mental principle of the management of 
the students comprises the treatment of 
one gentleman towards another, com- 
bined with a firm policy of removing 
quickly those men who are disposed to 
idle. The faculty is in earnest and the 
men who attend the University must 
adopt the same spirit. 

The college men are wide awake, gen- 
erous and democratic in their ideas. 
Athletics and military claim a fair share 
of their attention and conduce to health- 
fulness of both mind and body. 

The University campus covers 37 
acres in the heart of the city, on which 
eight large buildings for college pur- 
poses are now built. The property of the 
institutions as represented by its build- 
ings and splendid literary and scientific 
equipment will aggregate at least four 
hundred thousand dollars. Its annual 
income is nearly forty-five thousand 
dollars. 

The Lucy Cobb Institute. 

This well-known and admirably man- 
aged seminary for young ladies has been 
a prominent institution in Athens and 
in Georgia since 1858. It was founded 
in response to the demand that Athens, 
which was doing so much for the young 
men of the state, should not be behind 
hand in its services to its own lovely 
daughters. The importance of the idea 
impressed itself most strongly on Gen. 
Thomas R. R. Cobb, and the success of 
the movement is due to his strong efforts 
in raising the funds necessary. The 
movement was begun in 1855, ^ charter 
obtained in 1859, and the sum of ^25,000 



raised among the citizens of Athens was 
expended in building the handsome and 
permanent structure in which the insti- 
tute is still carried on. The original 
projectors of the institute looked chiefly 
to home patronage for its support, and 
it was at first called the Athens Semi- 
nary for Young Lad es. The death of 
Gen. Cobb's daughter during the erec- 
tion of the building determined the 
present name as a fitting memorial to the 
efforts of its founder, and a touching 
evidence of sympathy with him in his 
distress. 

The Lucy Cobb Institute, as it has 
ever since been called, was a success 
from the first. The opening session 
showed 155 names enrolled as scholars, 
and subsequently the school has been 
favored with a large patronage. The 
building contains boarding accommoda- 
tions for sixty, and the boarding depart- 
ment is limited to that number. 

The work of the institute has long 
since been broadened beyond local pat- 
ronage. The alumnae of the school m- 
clude many names from every section 
of the state, and every year witnesses 
a new list of applicants for admission 
far in excess of the vacancies to be 
filled This gratifying state of facts 
speaks volumes for the wisdom, thor- 
oughness and efficiency with which the 
institution is now managed. 

The school was first opened under the 
care of a gentleman of Northern birth, 
Mr. B. M. Wright by name, who con- 
ducted the school well, but whose in- 
tense views had little sympathy amongst 
Athenians in the opening days of the 
war between the states. His resigna- 
tion took place in a few years, and the 
institute was for a short time in the 
hands of Mr. Muller and Miss Lips- 
comb as associate principals. To them 
succeeded Madame Sosnowski, a cul- 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



6S 



tured and refined Polish lady, who for 
ten years carried on the school with abil- 
ity and success. Upon the resignation 
of Madame Sosnowski, Rev. Dr. Jacobs 
was placed in charge, holding office 
during one year, and followed by Mrs. 
A. E. Wright, who was for ten years the 
principal of the school. Upon the resig- 
nation of Mrs. Wright, in 1880, the 
present principal, Miss Mildred Ruther- 
ford, was placed in charge. Her selec- 
tion has proven a very wise one, and for 
thirteen years her energetic conduct 
of the school has strengthened and 
broadened its work in every department. 
She has placed the institute on a foot- 
ing where its merits attract more pat- 
ronage than can be accommodated, and 
where its claims to distinction amongst 
seminaries for young ladies are second 
to none in the South. 

This result has not been attained with- 
out the expenditure of much time and 
energy on the part of all the excellent 
teachers connected with the institution. 
Nor could it have been done under a 
system of education less broad and pro- 
gressive in principle, and less strongly 
carried out in practice. 

The present organization of the insti- 
tute includes under its management a 
boarding department and day school for 
resident pupils. No such distinction is 
made in the class room, where the classi- 
fication is based on the relative advance- 
ment of each scholar. The school does 
not adopt the principles of formal ex- 
aminations for entrance, but the regular 
class room work and the passage to 
higher errades is determined on written 
examinations. The regular courses of 
study lead to diplomas in the Latin and 
English Course, the French and English 
Course, and the English Course alone. 
The requirements for these courses are 
prescribed and are well chosen with a 



view to the needs of the pupils. Elec- 
tive courses and post-graduate work in 
literature, mathematics, and languages 
are also afforded. 

The departments represented in the 
general curriculum of the school, are 
those of Science ; Languages, including 
Latin, French and German ; Music, vocal 
and instrumental ; English, including 
history, general and current literature, 
grammar, rhetoric and composition ; Elo- 
cution and Physical Culture. Special 
classes are provided with instruction in 
drawing and painting, and in dress- 
making. Special lectures, with experi- 
ments on scientific subjects, are de- 
livered by prominent gentlemen from^ 
time to time. 

In apportioning the time for study and 
recitations in the several departments, 
care is taken to secure the mastery of 
each, and thereby to give the pupil a 
well-rounded and wholesome develop- 
ment. 

The attention which is given to well 
directed physical culture deserves special 
commendation as being a most essential 
factor in a proper system of female edu- 
cation. The work in current literature, 
which is used to direct the attention of 
the pupils to the marked events and 
questions of the time, is a step in ad- 
vance over most schools, and one which 
gives a zest and relish to general study. 
All the departments are in the hands of 
cultured and experienced educators, and 
are conducted with great ability and 
success, 

The home life of the Institute is full 
of brightness and variety, taking the 
form of private concerts, charades, and 
games amongst themselves, or an occa- 
sional entertainment of a literary, musi- 
cal or social character at which the friends 
of the young ladies are present. 

The equipment of the school is novv- 



€6 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



very thorough. The rooms, parlors, 
library and school rooms are handsomely 
furnished, and the domestic arrange- 
ments are very complete. In addition 
to the main building, a handsome chapel, 
the gift of George I. Seney, of New- 
York, seating 600 people, and with 
•excellent stage arrangements, is of ser 
vice in the public exercises of the insti- 
tution. A fine or^an is built in the 



due to the good health which is vouch- 
safed to all who make it their home. 

The Lucy Cobb Institute does excel- 
lent educational work — keeping abreast 
of the times, securing the best instruc- 
tors, and combining systematic and firm 
regulations with much gentleness and 
consideration. The diploma of the In- 
stitute ranks high and is won only by 
honest and intelligent work. 






Lucy Cobb Institute — Milledge Avenue. 



•chapel, thus affording the means of 
instruction on that instrument. The 
musical equipment in pianos is ample 
■enough to give every facility for prac- 
tice in that line. The Institute prop- 
erty covers four acres and is well shaded 
by large trees. It is situated on Mil- 
ledge avenue, the handsomest residence 
street of Athens, and is itself an orna- 
ment to the avenue. The location is 
■exceptionally healthy, and much of the 
f j,vor in which the Institute is held is 



The Home School 

The Home School for young ladies, 
under the care of Madame Sosnowski 
and her accomplished daughter. Miss 
Caroline Sosnowski, has been doing 
splendid educational work for many years 
and is one of the best schools in the state. 
The ladies who are identified with its 
control came to Georgia just after 
the burning of Columbia, S. C, in which 
their large establishment at that place 
was destroyed. In the time which has 



ANB THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



67 



since elapsed, nearly one thousand young 
ladies of this and the adjoining states 
have been educated under their care 
and are ready to testify to the charm 
and excellence of the training which 
they received, by the rare culture which 
they possess as well as by their words 
of praise. The Home School, as its 
name would indicate, claims no showy 
characteristics. What Miss. Porter's 
school, "The Elms," is to Massachusetts, 



large size. Miss Sosnowski desires not 
more than twenty-five for the boarding 
department, in the belief that a larger 
number would be ill suited to the method 
of instruction which she believes to be 
best, viz , that of developing each pupil 
as an individual rather than trying to 
mould all to the same model ; at the 
same time throwing around each scholar 
an atmosphere of culture and common 
interest in the pursuit of knowledge. 




The Hume School, Prince Avenue. 



the Home School is to Georgia, a refined 
family circle where the young girls are 
constantly under the care of accomplish- 
ed and kindly instructors, and are daily 
led to the fountains of knowledge and 
culture. There is no lack of system and 
order in the methods of instruction 
practiced, and the results attained are 
very gratifying to all who become ac- 
quainted with the pupils of this institu- 
tion. The school does not aspire to a 



This, she believes, is best done through 
the medium of a home school of moder- 
ate number, and where the classes shall 
never be so large as to allow the indi- 
viduality of each scholar to become lost 
in that of the class. 

In carrying out her ideas of education 
Miss Sosnowski has associated with her- 
self a number of very talented and effi- 
cient teachers in order to secure to each 
scholar thorough and wisely planned 



68 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEOEGIA, 



instruction. The engraving given above 
shows the beautiful spot on Prince 
avenue occupied by the school, what 
broad piazzas and roomy grounds are at 
hand for exercise and pleasure. The 
picture does not show the well-furnished 
interior, the handsome pictures, the 
musical instruments, the well-filled libra- 
ry, which tell of the enthusiastic work 
which is done both by scholars and 
teachers in the field of literature, art 
and music. The young lady is for- 
tunate who becomes an inmate of this 
excellent school, and every September 
witnesses the arrival of those whom for- 
tune thus kindly favors. 

Public Schools. 

The public school system of Athens 
has been, since its foundation in 1886, a 
source of constant pride to the city. 
Success has marked them for its own, 
and springs from the exceptional per- 
sonel of the school board, and the no 
less excellent officers who have been 
placed in charge of the school work. 
Professor E. C. Branson, the organizer 
and superintendent of these schools, 
laid them out upon broad lines of policy 
and inspired the teaching force with a 
zeal for intelligent dealing with the prob- 
lems of school work. The result has 
been a growing satisfaction amongst the 
taxpayers and an increasing interest and 
attendance by the children. Professor 
Branson resigned in 1891, and his mantle 
has fallen on Professor G. G. Bond, a 
gentleman well fitted to continue the 
work and thoroughly familiar with the 
details of modern school methods. To 
give some idea of the spirit in which 
the schools are managed, the following 
quotations from the several reports of 
the Superintendent, covering the chief 
points of school government, will be of 
interest : — 



Tardiness. 

"A school into which a dozen or so- 
pupils every morning reluctantly saunter,, 
a few minutes, or a half hour late, is a. 
school too poorly managed to be tolerated 
in an intelligent business community, 
where punctuality is a cardinal virtue." 

Discipline. 

" Methods of teaching subjects have 
begun radically to change since the days. 
of Commenius. But methods of dis- 
cipline all the while and now, more than 
methods of teaching, have demanded re- 
forms of the most radical nature. Public 
sentiment is always nearer right than the 
average autocrat of a teacher, who is or- 
dinarily left alone in a school room to 
resort summarily to brute force whenever 
whim, or pleasure, or need happens to be 
the uppermost thing in the mood of him. 
The doors of school houses thrown open, 
visitors let in, the public eye searching^ 
every nook and cranny of the establish- 
ment, the true facts of the institution 
placarded upon public bulletin boards — 
and at once the instincts of common 
humanity substitute fairness, and gentle- 
ness, and justice, and mercy for much 
that before outraged them all." 

Teaching Grammar . 

"Teaching language instead of teach- 
ing grammar takes aliveness, ingenuity, 
and originality, endlessly in contriving 
materials and occasions for picture story 
work, for number-story work, and for ob- 
servations of plants and animals and 
every day home occurrences, all to the 
end that in telling of these, habits and 
not rules of grammar may be established 
in the pupil. 

" The Gospel of Humanity to Children 
is a blessed gospel to organize intO' 
schools. The short daily sessions of our 
schools, the short annual session, the: 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



69 



Christmas and May intermissions, the 
frequent holidays are the part of wisdom, 
I take it. The danger of making exces- 
sive drafts upon immature nerve and 
muscle are very evident to those that 
daily watch the development of the minds 
and bodies of hundreds of children. I 
believe it to be wise to let the work of 
the schools be slow, if you please, and 
thorough, and at all times within reach 
of the child's powers when reasonably 
put forth. Meanwhile, to contend that 
education has to do with books and 
schools alone, and to deny to children a 
superabundance of sunshine, and air, 
and out-of-doors romping, the discipline 
of home duties, and contact with the 
love of parents, is to rob the child of 
most of the things he will have actual 
need for in life — a sound body, a healthily 
■developed mind, and a strongly marked 
individuality, it may be. The play ground 
and the home develop strength of char- 
acter as the school never can. ' What we 
do not call education is more precious 
than what we call so,' says Mr. Emerson, 
with great suspicion of truth.' " 

These extracts present in strong relief 
the principles which are successfully 
enforced in the system as it now' exists. 
Visitors are always welcome and never 
fail to be favorably impressed by the 
methods and spirit of the teaching. 
Annual examinations are held for the 
teachers as well as pupils and proves a 
wise measure in preventing stagnation 
in the teaching force. The teachers of 
the school are young, bright and devoted, 
and their work is already telling upon 
the city life. 

The schools are divided into — 

(a) Primary department with three 
grades. 

(^) Intermediate department with two 
grades. 



(c) Grammar department with four 
grades. 

The grades run from one to nine in 
the order of age. 

The whole range of instruction covers 
the progress of the little child from the 
alphabet to a good preparation for enter- 
ing the University at the age of i6. 

The grades in the colored schools are 
similarly arranged. 

The accommodations for the pupils 
are ample and thoroughly comfortable 
and healthful. Excellent desks, maps, 
blackboards and other necessary equip- 
ments are provided liberally. Four large 
buildings are now occupied by the 
whites, and two equally comfortable 
structures are given to the colored 
pupils. The teachers are well and 
promptly paid. Tuition is free, except 
to non-resident pupils or those over i8 
years of age. 

The city has dealt with great liberality 
toward the public schools, and the ex- 
penditure has been well repaid. 

The income of the school for 1891-2 
was as follows : 

From City Treasurer , . . $10,900.00 
From State School Fund . 3,88420 
From County Poll Tax Fund 1,235.82 
From tuition fees 1 19-35 



Total $16,139-37 

Enrollment. 

Whites, 861 ; colored, 537 ; total, 1.398. 

School population, white, i,ioi; col- 
ored, 1,225 ! total, 2,326. 

School attendance, white, 78% : col- 
ored, 43%. 

Tax rate for city 'chools .0016 on a 
property valuation ot i&6,335,ooo. 

There are at present employed in the 
teaching force of these schools 19 white 
teachers, of whom 2 are males and 17 



zo 



CLABKE COUNTY, QEOBGIA, 



are females ; and in colored schools, 3 
males and 7 females, making a total of 
29 in the whole system. 

Private Schools. 

On the list of private schools may be 
found several excellent ones. Mrs. E. 
A. Crawford has for a number of years 
taught with much success a school for 
children and young ladies. A similar 



Professional. 

The profession of law, dentistry, med- 
icine, music and divinity are strongly 
represented in Athens, both as to 
numbers and ability. There are 25 
lawyers, 5 dentists, 12 physicians and 7 
ministers on the list. The professional 
practice of many of them is large and 
lucrative. A number of instructors in 




Georgia, Carolina & Northern R. R. Bridge Over the OcoNtE River. 



school for children is in charge of Miss 
Julia Moss, and has an excellent attend- 
ance. The Misses Mell have a flourish- 
ing school in vocal and instrumental 
music. Miss Smith's classes in art are 
largely patronized and do much for the 
art culture of the city. A business col- 
lege is kept open during the winter 
which offers good advantages to those 
desirous of a business) training. 



music find ready patronage and do ex- 
cellent work. 

Newspaper. 

Athens supports an excellent daily 
and weekly newspaper, which has a cir- 
culation through ten or twelve adjoining 
counties and reaches a population of 
about 70,000. The paper is known as 
the Athens Banner, and is edited by Mr. 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOEGIA, 



T. W. Reed, a bright and versatile 
writer. The Banner is the official organ 
of the city and county, and has a large 
local circulation. 
Bntertainment. 

The city has one of the prettiest opera 
houses in the South. Its seating capacity 
is about 900, and stage arrangements are 
large and commodious. During the win- 
ter season a number of excellent troupes 
occupy the boards and afford amusement 
to the community. Many of the best 
companies on the road annually visit 
Athens. The opera house is under local 
management, and is run with good taste 
and judgment. 



Churches. 

Athens is well provided with Churches 
and Sunday-schools, and her pulpits 
are ably filled. The Young Men's 
Chistian Association has a very vigor- 
ous growth in the community, and owns 
a magnificent building in which its par- 
lors, lecture hall, bowling alley, library 
and gymnasium are found. The rooms 
are always open and strangers are wel- 
comed. 

The main items of the religious life 
in a tabular form are given below, and 
when taken in proportion to the popu- 
lation, will show the general moral tone 
of the community. 



Table Showing Church Statistics, 

WHITE. 







"o 


(0 

0) 


>> 


a 









u 


'T\ 









"o 


> 

k4 . 










^ m 


-i^-^ 








tn 


rt 


m 0) 


U:^ 







OJ 


>^'o 


a; s: 


b/)^ 






.Ti 


rt ;= 


^ ^ 


ci-Q 






6 


XJ-o 


E S 


ti u-l 


^ t^ 




<V 


3^ 


3 & 




rt ■" 




s 


■/: 


6 


10 


^ 


First Methodist Church 


618 


200 


900 


po,ooa 


Oconee Methodist Church 


350 


120 


4 


400 


4.000 


First Presbyterian Churcli 


260 
320 


180 
200 


6 

5 


1,200 
500 


20,"00 


First Baptist Church 


lii.OOO 


East Athens Baptist Church . 


100 


90 


4 


250 


3,000 


Emanuel Episcopal Church 


150 


70 


6 


300 


4,000 


St. Mary's Episcopal Chapel 


50 


40 


4 


200 


2,000 


Christian Church .... 


35 
40 


25 


2 


400 
150 


5,000 


Catholic Church 


2,000 


Bloomfield Chapel 




CO 


9 


100 


500 


East Athens Methodist Church 


120 


100 


2 


200 


1,200 


Total 


2,043 


1,085 


41 


4,600 


87 1.700 



COLORED. 



Pierce Chapel, Methodist. . . . 
First Congregational Church. 

First Baptist Church 

Bethel Church, Methodist 

St. Mark's Chapel 

Ebenezer Church 

Henry's Church 



Total . 



310 


125 


4 


600 


61 


75 


4 


250 


741 


200 


4 


1,500 


34 


56 


4 


500 


35 


61 


4 


ir.o 


60 


50 


3 


600 


57 


75 


3 


700 


1,288 


642 


26 


4.300 



$ ;i.000 
2,500 
7,000 
2,500 

250 
1,000 

750 

$17,000 



CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



Property Valuation. 

The present value of property, as 
shown by the tax returns, reaches the 
large sum of $6,385,145, on which a city 
tax of $1.00 per ^100 is levied. In 1882 
the city was valued at $3,402,000. For 
•details of the distribution of this prop- 
erty, the reader is referred to the tables 
'On page 16. 

Among the principal real estate owners 



of the city are, Thomas Bailey, J. M. 
Barry, R. L. Bloomfield, Mrs. M. Bishop, 
the Carlton estate, A. K. Childs, tlie 
Hamilton estate, Y. L. G. Harris, J. A. 
Hunnicutt, Cobb Lampkin, E. S. Lyn- 
don, R._ L. Moss, the F. Phinizy estate, 
R. K. Reaves, J. H. Rucker, the Athens 
Park and Improvement Co., the Lilly 
Land Co., James White, and the Athens 
Manufacturmsf Co. 



COMMERCIAL LIFE OF ATHENS. 



The commercial life of Athens is char- 
:acterized by great energy and marked 
success. In proportion to its population 
and to the legitimate territory supplied, 
few cities can show so large a volume of 
business. It will not be far from accu- 
rate to place the aggregate volume of 
business in one year at twelve million 
dollars or more, and to make the follow- 
ing subdivisions : 

Cotton business S 3,000,000 

Manufactures 300,000 

Stocks and bonds 430,000 

Hardware and farming implements 300,000 

Banks and Loan Associations 700,000 

Foundries 150,000 

Building 300,000 

Furniture 100,000 

Heavy groceries . 2,000,000 

Dry goods 500,000 

Clothing 100,000 

Jewelry and bric-a-brac 50,000 

Crockery 20,000 

Professional 200,000 

Real estate 200,000 

Insurance risks 4,000,000 

Miscellaneous 100,000 

Total $12,450,000 

The substantial nature of the business 
done in this section and the integrity of 
the business community are well known 
throughout the country. Drummers 



are ever eager to sell to the merchants 
of Athens in the assurance that the 
goods will be paid for. It is a rare thing 
to see a business house in Athens forced 
to close its doors. In all lines of trade 
the representative men are good busi- 
ness men and make a success of their 
work. Many firms do an unusually 
large business, and at least two houses 
may safely be placed at $1,000,000 of 
yearly business. Back of this volume 
of business stands a real property to the 
extent of $3,000,000 

The strength and variety of business 
life in Athens is best realized in reading 
the following outlines of the personal 
and business policy of a few representa- 
tive firms doing business in various 
lines. 

The Southern Mutual Insurance Co. 

It is fitting that the special descrip- 
tion of the prominent business enter- 
prises of Athens should begin with the 
above named company. Organized in 
1 848 by Athens men, it has prospered 
as few institutions have ever done and 
now ranks as one of the best, if not the 
very best, fire insurance company in the 
world. This claim is not made on the 
volume of business done, but on the 
conservatism and careful selection of 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



risks which the company has always 
shown and which is witnessed by the 
fact that fifty-eight per cent, of the pre- 
miums was returned last year to the 
policy holders, making the insurance 
cost only 42% of the premiums paid in. 
The company insures for three-fourths 
of the value of the property, and has 
reached the point where it commands 
more business than it desires to under- 
take. It has as reserved assets nearly 
^900,000, which are well invested and 
the income of which is annually dis- 
tributed among the policy holders in 
the form of dividends. 

J. S. King &, Co. 

The firm of J. S. King & Co., occupy 
a large three-story building on the north- 
east corner of Broad and Thomas streets, 
in which they carry on an immense bus- 
iness in groceries and general supplies. 
The gentlemen who constitute the firm 
are natives of Athens, and have estab- 
lished a strong hold on the confidence 
of the city and adjoining territory. The 
partnership under which they are now 
operating was formed in 1887, and in- 
cludes J. S. King, E. R. Hodgson, A. 
H. Hodgson and J. M. Hodgson, all of 
whom are strong, conservative business 
men Nothing more fully proves the 
wisdom of this firm than the methods 
on which they conduct that branch of 
the business by which farmers are sup- 
plied with groceries and merchandise. 
They have discarded the old method of 
advancing supplies on long time prices, 
and have adopted the plan of selling to 
customers at cash prices and carrying 
the accounts on interest. The effect of 
this plan is, in fact, to divide a portion 
of the profits with the customer. To 
make such a plan of business successful 
requires the patronage of none but thor- 
oughly reliable and prompt paying cus- 
tomers. The firm is to be congratulated 
on having just such a patroxiage from 
which slow payers have been eliminated. 
. Mutual confidence between the firm and 
their customers is thus very strong, and 
both parties find that money is to be 
made by adopting strict business meth- 
ods. The customers of this firm are not 
only the best class of men in this sec- 
tion, but they set an example to the 



farmers of the South generally by meet- 
ing incurred obligations with the prompt- 
ness of bank paper. They have found 
that their business runs more smoothly 
and that they save a large amount for- 
merly lost by exorbitant prices at which 
goods were sold in the spring to be paid 
for in the following fall. The firm are 
proud of the promptness and reliability 
of their customers. That such a wise 
business policy is actually in force con- 
stitutes the reason that when other firms 
are handicapped and retarded by slow 
paying customers, J. S. King & Co. have 
gone forward with easy and rapid strides. 
The wholesale business of this house is 
very large, covering all the adjoining- 
counties, while in city retail supplies 
they give entire satisfaction to an in- 
creasing number of families every year. 
The business is backed by large capital, 
and the firm carries a stock valued at 
fifteen thousand dollars. The members 
of the firm are prominent and influential 
men, foremost in all movements for the 
good of the city, and possessed of marked 
popularity and progressive spirit. They 
stand as the leaders of the grocery busi- 
ness in the city. 

R. C. Orr &. Co. 

The firm of R. C. Orr & Co. is 
located at an excellent point on Clayton 
street, No. 104, and two doors west of 
the postoffice. Unlike most of the drug 
stores of the city, they devote themselves 
exclusively to a prescription business, 
and despite the cold water which greeted 
their start some four years ago, they have 
shown their ability to make the business 
pay. Dr. R. C. Orr, who is the active 
member of the firm, has an enviable 
record as an accurate and skillful man in 
filling prescriptions, and as such has the 
confidence of all the local physicians. In 
order to give the best satisfaction, he 
orders his drugs from the best known 
houses, and guaranteed as to the strength 
and purity of every medicine he uses. 
In this way, he can make every one of 
his customers sure of the full beneficial 
action of whatever medicine the physician 
may have prescribed. A good cigar may 
be purchased from him, too, as you are 
on your way to the postoffice. 



Tk 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 



J. H. Rucker. 

No one business man in Athens is 
quite so valuable a factor in the com- 
mercial world as Jeptha H. Rucker, cot- 
ton buyer and exporter. Mr. Rucker 
has done business in Athens and the 
adjoining section for twenty years past, 
buying large lots of cotton for the 
strongest cotton firms of New York and 
for European markets. His business 
has grown to such proportions that he 
now handles, yearly, sixty thousand bales 
of the fleecy staple and makes direct 
shipments to Bremen, Liverpool, Havre 
Barcelona, Spain, and the conti- 
nent generally. His business is 
conducted chiefly from Athens 
and Madison, at both of which 
points he owns commodious 
warehouses and hydraulic cot- 
ton compresses. He is thus pre- 
pared, by virtue of the size and 
choice location of his property 
along the railroad points, to 
handle cotton to best advantage 
and prepare it for compact ship- 
ment. As promoter and owner 
of the Belt Line railroad, he has 
secured the connection of all the 
railroads in Athens, and cotton 
can be brought to his compress, 
unloaded, pressed, and forwarded 
with only a few hours delay. 
His plant in Athens is valued at 
;^6o,ooo, and that in Madison, 
Ga., at ^25,000, while the volume 
of his business largely exceeds 
a million dollars. In order to 
control so much cotton, Mr. 
Rucker employs a large and 
experienced force of buyers 
located at various points in Georgia and 
Alabama, the more important agencies 
being at Athens, Augusta, Washington 
and Madison, in this State, with head- 
quarters in Athens. 

Mr. Rucker avers that Athens is as 
good a cotton market as can be found in 
the South. Competition is lively among 
buyers and transportation companies, 
and the prices for 1892 have uniformly 
ranged from }i to %. cent per pound 
higher than in Augusta, our neighbor- 
ing competitor. The high market at- 
tracts a laro:e amount of cotton to 



Athens, and of the total Mr. Rucker 
usually purchases 50 per cent. Outside 
of the cotton business, Mr. Rucker has- 
always been a valuable citizen to Athens, 
having held the Mayoi's chair, and is 
always ready to lend the strength of his 
good judgment and energy to all move- 
ments that promise a benefit to this city. 

C. A. Scudder. 

Anyone in search of silverware, 
watches, or jewelry in Athens, is at- 
tracted at once in passing down Broad 
street by a handsome window fitted in 




C. A. Scudder Jewelry House, Broad Street. 



dainty colored plush and displaying at- 
tractive pieces of silverware, diamonds 
and cut glass. The most striking thing is 
the marked good taste of the window fit- 
tings and the tempting manner in which 
a few beautiful things are displayed, and 
the impulse created to enter the ad- 
joining door and inspect the well-filled 
cases and shelves inside. Whenever you. 
enter this store you are equally pleased 
by the same display of good taste and 
handsome objects, and you are surprised 
to find such a striking array of beautiful 
things so faraway from New York. You. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



75 



are always welcomed, and even if you 
have no purchase in view, you will find 
a chronometer there that is worth your 
inspection. It is a large clock, which 
winds itself by electricity, and is con- 
nected by the Western Union wires with 
the observatory at Georgetown Heights, 
in New York, from which every day the 
seventy-fifth meridian time is tele- 
graphed at noon and is recorded auto- 
matically on the chronometer. Athens 
time is just 30 minutes behind New York 
and the black hand on the dial gives the 
time in Athens while the red hand indi- 
cates that in New York. Everybody 
goes there to set their watches, and 
when the University professors are 
making any astronomical calculations, 
this chronometer is invaluable. Well, 
this store is on Broad street, just above 
the University Bank, and everybody in 
Athens will recognize it as Scudder's 

Mr. C. A. Scudder, the proprietor, is 
an Athens man, who was for several 
years connected with Tiffany, and the 
Gorham Silver Co , in New York, and he 
brmgs to Athens the newest and prettiest 
things in gold and silverware, jewelry, 
imported china, bric-a-brac, cut glass, 
watches and rings. His business is large 
and increasing, and his establisment 
would be a credit to any city. The ac- 
companying cut gives a faint idea of the 
interior of this attractive store. 

E. I. Smith & Co. 

The firm of E. I. Smith & Co., dealers 
in boots and shoes, was organized in 
1885, and is composed of Mr. E. I. 
Smith as senior partner, and Mr. George 
Lucas as junior partner. Both of these 
gentlemen are recognized as men of 
ability and the highest business integ- 
rity. Mr. Smith, the senior partner, 
has proven himself one of the best citi- 
zens of Athens, both in public and pri- 
vate life. His popularity has been at- 
tested by his flattering election as mem- 
ber of the city council during several 
successive terms, and he has repaid 
public confidence by a vigorous and wise 
advocacy of many of the most benefi- 
cial public movements of the past ten 
years. The same energy and good judg- 
ment which he has displayed in public 
affairs have characterized his efforts in 



the shoe business, and the result has 
been equally as successful. 'J'ogether 
with Mr. Lucas, who is thoroughly well 
known and valued by the business pub- 
lic, the house ranks as a strong and reli- 
able business firm. In seven years they 
have established a reputation and pat- 
ronage in the retail line that easily en- 
titles them to leadership throughout this 
section of Georgia. They carry a large 
and well chosen stock, which is artistic- 
ally arranged and displayed in one of the 
handsomest stores in the city, located 
on the southwest corner of College ave- 
nue and Clayton street. They guaran- 
tee every pair of sh; es which they sell. 

Hazelton & Dozier. 

Athens shows its appreciation of music 
by the handsome way in which it sup- 
ports the excellent music house of 
Hazelton & Dozier. Their place of 
business is No. 112 E. Clayton street, 
next door to the postoffice, a handsome 
store with plate glass front. The firm 
carries a full line of musical instruments 
and musical supplies. Passim^ along that 
way, the people find their steps and 
pulses quickened by the stirring music 
which issues from piano, violin, or 
cornet as played in that store. Often 
you can locate the store by the crowd 
gathered to hear one of these impromptu 
concerts. One can buy there almost 
anything wanted in the musical line, 
from a banjo string to a fine piano or a 
cabinet organ. The firm are agents for 
a number of prominent piano manufac- 
turers. They lay most stress on the 
Knabe, Behr Brothers, Ivers & Fund, 
and Kimball makes of this instrument. 
They have placed several pianos at the 
young ladies schools in this city, which 
have given entire satisfact ion. The terms 
on which they sell pianos are liberal, and 
every family should make inquiries with 
a view of purchasing" an instrument 
which can give the home circle so much 
pleasure. They carry a full supply of 
artists' materials and picture frames. 
Major T. H. Dozier and Mr. D. P. Hazel- 
ton compose this energetic firm. They 
have been in the business for ten years 
past, and know how to please their cus- 
tomers. 



76 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



D. W, McGregor & Co. 

A college town and a cultured com- 
munity cannot do without a good book 
store. It is this need which the firm, 
whose name is given above, fills in the 
business and intellectual life of Athens. 
The firm takes its name from Mr. D. W. 
McGregor, the senior partner, a gentle- 
man well acquainted with the publishing 
houses of this and the old country, and 
thoroughly up with the times in sup- 
plying the literature which the popular 
taste demands. Mr. J. C. Hutchins, a 
gentleman well known in Athens and 
the adjoining towns, is an energetic 
associate in the firm. The house carries 
a full stock of books, stationery and 
artists' supplies. Books of general liter- 
ature, Bibles, and commercial supplies, 
school and college text books, pens, 
pencils, picture frames, and blank books 
of all description find a place on their 
shelves. The firm does a large business, 
particularly in school supplies, through- 
out this section. They keep on hand 
the prominent monthlies and periodicals 
and are agents for subscriptions to many 
of the magazines. They are energetic 
and progressive merchants, and are 
backed by a capital which enables them 
to carry a varied and attractive stock. 

F. S. Morton. 

A more enterprising and wide awake 
insurance man than Mr. Fred S. Mor- 
ton would be difficult to find in any com- 
munity. Mr. Morton belongs to the 
progressive young men who are urging 
on the fortunes of this city with marked 
success. That he is highly esteemed in 
fire insurance circles is attested by the 
fact that he acts as agent for no less 
than thirteen of the strongest fire com- 
panies now doing business, and repre- 
senting aggregate assets to the amount of 
^159,000,000 That he makes a popular 
and reliable agent is proven by the one 
million dollars of risks which he annu- 
ally places for the merchants and prop- 
erty owners of this city on cotton, stores, 
warehouses, and private dwellings, and 
on furniture and stocks of merchandise. 
He now occupies handsome new offices 
at No. II Jackson street in the center 
of business and with telephone connec- 



tion throughout the city In three 
years he has built up a strong and grow- 
ing business, besides proving himself a 
valuable and public spirited citizen. 

John Crawford & Co. 

Among the most successful firms of 
Athens must be noted John Crawford & 
Co., the wide-awake and energetic Col- 
lege avenue druggists. The proprietor. 
Dr. Jno. Crawford, cast his lot in Athens 
eight or nine years ago, and from a com- 
paratively small beginning built up the 
business that stands to-day a monument 
to his business ability and energy. The 
aggressive policy of the firm has, in ad- 
dition to their large retail business, 
spread their jobbing trade over a more 
extended territory perhaps than any 
other Athens firm, and has made them 
successful competitors of the large firms 
of our larger cities. Besides being 
manufacturers of many pharmaceutical 
preparations, they control a line of use- 
ful household remedies for which there 
is a large and growing demand ; notably 
Crawford's Skin Cure or Eczema Wash, 
which is sold throughout the Union. 
The policy of the firm to employ none 
but skilled labor has given the public 
assurance that the work they do can be 
depended on, and the firm merits the 
patronage of those who wish pure drugs 
and the best service. 

T. Fleming & Sons. 

Of the three strong firms dealing in 
hardware and agricultural implements, in 
Athens, T. Fleming & Sons are recog- 
nized as the leaders. They have been 
identified with this business for the past 
fifteen years, and from small beginnings 
have established a strong and increasing 
patronage. In 1891 the company had 
grown to such size that it was deemed 
best to transform it from a simple part- 
nership to a regularly incorporated stock 
company, with a capital of ^125,000. 
The company is now composed of 
Messrs. J. H. Fleming, Herbert Flem- 
ing, and E. D. Sledge. A stronger busi- 
ness firm cannot be found in Georgia. 
They possess an amount of energy, clear 
judgment and popularity which have won 
a merited reward. In addition to the 



ANIJ THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



partners in the firm, the business 
demands the employment of seven other 
men, and two drummers are kept on the 
road almost constantly. Wherever this 
firm once gets a hold on trade it is an 
abiding one. They are wellknown as 
men of sterling integrity and make every 
effort to furnish their customers with 
first-class goods. That they are well 
able to do this and meet competition in 
prices, needs no better proof than 
the fact that the stock which they 
carry is usually $35,000 to $40,000 in 
value. This stock embraces a full line 
of cutlery, rifles, fire arms, farming im- 
plements, bar, sheet, and other forms of 
iron and steel, castings of various kinds, 
belting, rope, nails, and ginning ma- 
chinery. They are the special agents 
for the Pratt gins, of which they sell a 
large number; and they handle a popular 
buggy known as the Classic City buggy. 
They take under contract the entire out- 
put of the Princeton mills in cotton rope, 
and have no trouble in disposing of it to 
their large trade. They likewise sell 
large quantities of sash, doors and blinds. 
Marking the prosperity of the firm is 
the fact that a new building is in process 
of erection to accommodate their en- 
larged stock. This building is located 
on Clayton street, about midway the 
block between Jackson and Thomas 
streets, and is owned by the firm. It 
extends through the block from Clayton 
to Washington street, with a frontage of 
thirty-six feet, and a depth of two hun- 
dred and twenty feet. When complete, 
the Clayton street end will be three 
stories in height, and the Washington 
street end two stories. The building is 
faced with pressed brick and trimmed 
with Lexington granite around the win- 
dows, doors, etc. 

The territory which the firm supplies 
extends as far north as Toccoa, on the 
Richmond and Danville Railroad, to 
Abbeville, S. C, and Augusta on the 
east, to Madison and Monticello on the 
south, and to Gainesville and Jug Tavern 
on the west and northwest. 

C. W. Cooper. 

C. W. Cooper's livery and sales stables 
are located at No. 410 Thomas street, 
and are '^horoughly equipped for the 



livery business. The outfit in landaus, 
buggies and carriages of all kinds is 
very complete, and the stable contains 
an excellent stock of fine roadsters. Mr. 
Cooper, as successor to J. Z. Cooper & 
Son, has been identified with this line 
of business during 24 years, and is 
thoroughly well known throughout the 
country. He yearly visits Kentucky, 
and other noted markets, and brings out 
fine roadsters and carriage horses, both 
for sale and for use in his general livery 
business. His business is a large one, 
and he endeavors to give the best ser- 
vice at the lowest prices. The present 
year has been marked by a large addi- 
tion of new buggies and landaus to the 
outfit of his stable, and constitutes a 
strong and efficient appeal to the pat- 
ronage of the riding public who value 
stylish turnouts and handsome horses. 

Athens Park and Improvement Co. 

Conspicuous upon the maps of the 
county and city are the lands of the 
Athens Park and Improvement Co., a 
corporation organized some three years 
ago under a very liberal charter for the 
purpose of developing a beautiful section 
of Athens. This company, realizing that 
the city was outgrowing its bounds, pur- 
chased the only unimproved parcel of land 
near the heart of the city, three hundred 
acres in all, removed all objectionable 
features, negro cabins and the like and 
began the work of opening up the prop- 
erty. At an immense expense a magni- 
ficent boulevard 76 feet wide and a mile 
and a half long was graded through the 
entire property, cross and parallel 
streets and avenues were surveyed and 
laid off and the blocks thus formed 
divided into lots of one-half acre. 

The Boulevard terminates within 
three hundred yards of the county court 
house, but to bring all parts of the prop- 
erty in easy access to the balance of the 
city, the directors of the company in- 
duced the street railroad to adopt elec- 
tricity as its motive power, and then 
closed a contract with it to operate an 
electric line with convenient and rapid 
schedules along the full length of the 
Boulevard and to and from the heart of 
the city. With this great convenience 
added to the natural advantasfes of the 



18 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



property, the magnificent air, the easily 
accessible water of the purest sort, and 
the fact that every house is new and of 
the most tasty design, the lots are the 
most desirable in Athens for handsome 
homes. 

Some of the city churches are seeking 
up town locations, and the Episcopal 
church has already purchased a lot near 
the Barber street entrance to the Im- 
provement Co.'s property, and will build 
upon it a handsome granite church. 
The company has also donated a lot in 
the centre of its property for a church 
which will be erected at once. 

To the street railroad company the 
Improvement Co. conveyed twenty-one 
acres of land lying between the Boule- 
vard and Prince avenue to be used as a 
park. This tract has been improved 
and beautified and will always be a pleas- 
ant resort for those living in the neigh- 
borhood. Negroes are excluded and fine 
order is always maintained. 

Before the work of grading was com- 
pleted the company determined to test 
the market with a sale, about one- 
seventh of the property being offered. 
Buyers were eager for th^ lots and 
very satisfactory prices were real- 
ized. Since the sale and through 
the stringency that has been felt 
throughout the South, the company has 
vigorously prosecuted its work of grad- 
ing and developing. Private sales have 
been made to a number of home builders, 
and pretty cottages and residences now 
dot the landscape, completely changing 
the appearance of the property. The 
building of the G. C. & N. railway through 
the northern portion has opened up a 
number of valuable manufacturing sites, 
some of which have already been utilized 
by the Electric Plant, the Brown Plan- 
ing Mill, and the D. M. Kinney Variety 
Works. Water for manufacturing is 
plentiful and easily obtained. 

From Barber street to the Park, the 
lots are within the city limits, owners 
having the advantages of the city's ex- 
cellent system of graded school, its lights 
and waterworks. Beyond the Park the 
high, airy lots of Buena Vista Heights 
have all the benefits of the electric line 
and nearness to the city, but enjoy a 
freedom from city taxes. 



The company has been and will con- 
tinue to be very liberal with those who 
buy with the intention of building. It 
has undertaken the work of development 
on a grand scale, and has advertised the 
city of Athens more liberally than any 
other agency — the upward strides of the 
city dating from its incorporation. As 
the outcome of its work, so far, the city 
and county have reaped a harvest in the 
increased valuations, and numbers of 
young men have been enabled to build 
cosy and comfortable homes for their 
families under the liberal policy of its 
directors. To all good works looking to 
the advancement of Athens and Clarke 
county, the company has given a help- 
ing hand. Its policy has ever been lib- 
eral, its advertising of the city in con- 
nection with its own enterprise has been 
generous, and its reward has been a suc- 
cess that is gratifying to every good cit- 
izen. The directors of the company are 
noted as active, energetic business men 
who have succeeded m all their under- 
takings ; they have given the company 
the benefit of their sound judgment and 
commercial sagacity, and have watched 
over its affairs with careful and pains- 
taking forethought. 

The officers are W. S. Holman, presi- 
dent; J. N. Booth, vice-president; C. 
W. Baldwin, treasurer, and C. D. Flani- 
gen secretary and manager, and these 
officers, with E. T. Brown, J. T. Voss, 
E. K. Lumpkin and Geo. M. Booth con- 
stitute the board of directors. With 
the return of good times, the Athens 
Park and Improvement Co. promises to 
be a greater factor than ever in the up- 
building and prosperity of the city of 
Athens and the county of Clarke. 

Vess, Vonderau &. Co. 

This firm began business in September 
of '90 in the elegant building, known as 
the Carlton building, on the corner of 
Clayton and Thomas streets. 

Close attention to business, honest, 
reliable goods, and close prices, have 
made this, the third year of their busi- 
ness, nearly double that of the first. 
They keep always a full stock of first- 
class dry goods and notions, never allow 
old stock to accummulate on their hands, 
but put a price on it that moves it off. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



79 



The buyer of the firm, Mr. A. W. Vess, 
after a thorough training, is specially 
well equipped in his line of business, 
and is generally conceded to be one of 
the best dry goods men in the city. 

Mr.W. P. Vonderau has general charge 
of the busmess, and the success of the 
firm is an evidence of his good judgment 
and energy. 

Mr. A. S. Parker, who is associated 
with the firm, is one of the best account- 
ants in the State, and his ability is be- 
yond dispute. They are all young and 
energetic men, and are pressing their 
business with a determination that is 
winning an ever increasing success. 

Seaboard Air Line. 

This great system has just come 
among us by the completion of the G., 
C & N. division from Monroe to Atlan- 
ta, thus placing Athens on a through 
trunk line between the North and South. 
This means a great deal for the Classic 
City and her citizens. The passenger 
rate has been reduced one-half between 
Athens and Atlanta. In order to reach 
Athens the Oconee river was spanned 
by a magnificent iron bridge, and a cut 
28 feet deep and 650 feet long was 
opened through a prominence of solid 
rock at the mouth of which stands the 
passenger depot. 

As this line passes through and opens 
up a new territory, which means lower 
rates and quicker despatch for our pro- 
ducts, it will be hailed with delight by 
our farmers, planters and the traveling 
public at large. 

The officers of the Seaboard Air Line 
are active and piogressive men, which is 
fully demonstrated by the construction 
of this Southern division of 272 miles in 
order to reach Atlanta, the great rail- 
road centre of the South. Finding op- 
position to their entering her portals at 
the desired point, they at once con- 
structed a belt line around the city, tap- 
ping all the roads centering there, and 
now running their passenger trains into 
and out of the Union Depot, where con- 
nections are made with all trains to and 
from the South and West. 

The management have recently pur- 
chased five acres of arround almost in the 



heart of the city of Atlanta, and are ar- 
ranging for the erection of a brick and 
granite fire-proof depot 900 feet long 
and 75 feet in width. 

With its many rail and water connec- 
tions at Norfolk, their deep water termi- 
nus, this building is necessary in order 
to handle the traffic, which is daily in- 
creasing. 

Such steps demonstrate that the S. 
A. L. has come among us to stay, and 
we bespeak for them a bright and pros- 
perous future. 

Henderson Warehouse Company. 

The Henderson Warehouse Com- 
pany runs one of the largest cotton 
warehouses in Athens, and is owned by 
Hodgson Brothers & Griffith. The ware- 
house is a large brick building, covering 
one acre of ground and occupying half 
the block between Clayton and Broad 
streets, adjoining Hull street. It is 
built in four compartments with fire 
appliances throughout, and is the safest 
storage for cotton in the city. The 
capacity is 5,000 bales. The owners 
have for many years conducted an im- 
mense storage and commission business 
in cotton, handling from twelve to fifteen 
thousand bales each season. The expe- 
rience gained in this line of business 
commands for them a steady patronage 
and enables them to control cotton from 
a large section of country. Keeping 
abreast of the trend of the cotton busi- 
ness, they place experienced buyers at 
various other points and ship directly to 
the Southern and Northern ports. They 
carry cotton for their customers, mak- 
ing advances on the same, and giving 
the benefit of standard insurance to those 
who deal with them. The firm likewise 
conducts a regular banking business, 
although they do not advertise as 
bankers. The members of the firm are 
thoroughly reliable men. Mr. E. R. 
Hodgson is the senior partner, and a 
man honored by commissions of trust 
from his city and the State. The same 
is true of Mr. A. H. Hodgson, who has 
recently relinquished the office of mayor 
of Athens, which he filled with great 
distinction. Mr. C. B. Griffith, the 
junior partner of the firm, has established 



80 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEi BGIA. 



a strong hold on the business public by 
his energy and ability. Mr. J. M. Hodg- 
son is a member of the company but not 
actively engaged in this department. 
The combination of talent and capital 
which these gentlemen represent makes 
this company a power in the business 
world of Athens. A long list of the 
best class of customers testifies to the 
satisfaction and confidence that rewards 
the honest and reliable methods for 
which the firm is distinguished. 

A. J. Mirick. 

The presence of large numbers of 
handsome young men and fair young 
maidens in attendance on the educational 
institutions of Athens, gives a marked 
stimulus to the work of a good photo- 
grapher, such as Mr. A. J. Mirick has 
proven himself to be. It needs but a 
glance at the specimens of work that fill 
his studio to appreciate the fine taste and 
excellent finish that characterize his pic- 
tures. He is found in well appointed 
quarters at No. 115 E. Broad street, and 
is prepared to take photographs in all 
sizes, and to guarantee satisfaction to his 
patrons. For out door work he is splen- 
didly equipped, and many of the hand- 
some residences of Athens are repro- 
duced in artistic pictures under his skill- 
ful hand. In addition to photography, 
Mr. Mirick does excellent work in crayon 
and in portrait enlargement. He is a 
conscientious and skillful artist, and 
spares no pains on the small details which 
make the difference between first-class 
and botched picture making. The en- 
gravings in this book are all reproduced 
from photographs made by him. 

Palmer & Kinnebrew. 

This firm has within the last two years 
established a strong business in the drug 
and prescription lines. The firm is com- 
posed of Mr. H. R. Palmer, who was for 
twenty-five years connected with Dr. 
Lyndon's drug store ; and Dr. E. R. 
Kinnebrew, who gave up active practice 
to lend his strength to the business. 
Mr. Palmer's skill as a prescription clerk 
has been known in this section for many 
years, and has brought the new firm no 
small portion of its business. Dr. Kin- 
nebrew is a native of this county and 



has a large acquaintanceship who, know- 
ing him in active practice, have stuck to 
him in the business of selling drugs. 
The firm does both a wholesale and re- 
tail drug business and find lucrative 
sales for their goods in the country and 
smaller towns around Athens. They 
cover a territory embracing Oglethorpe, 
Jackson, Madison, Oconee and Walton 
counties, and reaching sometimes into 
Elbert and Greene counties. The firm 
is fast tvinning its way forward and de- 
serve the patronage which they have 
won by vigorous and enterprising meth- 
ods. They occupy an excellent stand 
just opposite the postoi^ce, at No. 105 
E. Clayton street. 

The Lyndon Manufacturing Co. 

In a city whose population is so rap- 
idly increasing, and where nearly three 
hundred buildings are erected each year, 
a well equipped planing mill is a very 
profitable necessity. The Lyndon Man- 
ufacturing Company is the leading enter- 
prise of that type in this section. In 
1887, Dr. E. S. Lyndon, a gentleman 
noted for his broad views and clear judg- 
ment, saw the financial success and value 
to Athens which awaited just such an en- 
terprise. Associating with him his 
brother, Mr. A.J. Lyndon, they invested 
^35,000 in a large plant, fully equipped 
with the best modern machinery needed 
for dressing lumber and for the manu- 
facture of sash, doors, and blinds. Since 
the mill was opened, it has not known a 
day of idleness, and a large force of 
men are kept busy with the various 
branches which the firm carries on. The 
plant consists of a large brick building, 
used as a shop, two stories high, with 
dimensions 50x125 feet, with severa 
acres of ground occupied by lumber 
yards and storage sheds for coal and fire 
wood. A side track makes convenient 
shipping connection with the Macon and 
Northern railroad. The company carries 
a splendid assortment of pine lumber 
which is worked up into dimension stuff 
for house building, and manufactured 
into door and window frames, doors, 
sash, and blinds. The large demand for 
these products in local markets makes 
it easy to dispose of the output with 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



81 



good margins of profit. The firm deals 
largely in wood and coal for the city- 
trade and handles a gcod share of the 
business done in that line. They have 
excellent arrangements with the mines 
of Tennessee and Alabama, and supply 
the best grades of anthracite and bitu- 
minous coal at low prices. The majority 
of people in Athens still use wood for 
fuel, and find in Lyndon's large wood 
yard the most conv^enient and best place 
to buy seasoned hickory and oak by the 
cord as well as pine wood and kindlings. 
The aggregate of these business activi- 
ties constitutes a very valuable total of 
business, which the company conducts 
with dispatch and reliability. As the 
business grows, the owners propose to 
enlarge the plant and make it one of the 
largest and best planing mills in North 
Georgia. 

The Athens Savings Bank. 

This excellent banking institution was 
organized under a state charter in 1885, 
and has grown vigorously ever since. 
Its success has not only been a gratify- 
ing fact to the citizens at large, but rep- 
resents a very substantial improvement 
in finances to a large number of small 
depositors who take this means of saving 
money from small incomes. The char- 
ter of the bank is wisely drawn and pro- 
vides for the payment of interest on 
small deposits. Four per cent, is the 
rate on deposits subject to withdrawal, 
and 5 per cent, on money deposited for 
a year's time without withdrawal. The 
charter provision which makes each 
stockholder responsible in proportion to 
the stock he holds is one that gives the 
best possible guarantee to depositors. 
The original stock of $40,000 has been 
largely increased, and the bank now car- 
ries nearly 250 accounts in its savings 
department. The bank has built and 
now occupies the handsome three story 
building shown in the accompanying cut, 
located on the north side of Broad street 
in the heart of the business part of the 
city. The president of the bank is Dr. 
J. A. Hunnicutt, the cashier, Mr. G. A. 
Mell, both of these gentlemen of high 
business standing and ability. The Sav- 
ings Bank is accorded the fullest confi- 



dence and ranks as one of the 
institutions in the city. 



best 



Athens Manufacturing Co. 

The Athens Manufacturing Company, 
which owns and operates a large cotton 
mill plant in this city, was one of the first 
cotton mills opened in the South. The 
company was organized in 1832, and 
built the first mills in that year. The 
successful and continuous operation of 




The Athens Savings Bank, Broad Street. 

that enterprise has been accompanied by 
a large expansion of the plant, which 
represents an invested capital of $200,- 
000. The mills have a total floor space 
of 69,000 square feet, of which 34,000 
are used in the spinning department, 
and 3 5, coo for weaving purposes. Ten 
thousand spindles and three hundred 
and twenty looms are kept in constant 
movement to fill the large orders with 
which the company is favored. 

The buildings are lighted by electricity 
and are furnished with automatic 
sprinklers and other ample fire protec- 
tion. The company employs 375 opera- 
tors, and provides nice 2 and 3-room 
cottages for their comfortable living. 



GLABKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



The spinning mills are run by waterP 
power from the Oconee river, furnishedf^ 
by a thirteen-foot dam, and yielding 338 : 
gross horse power ; of this turbines now 
utilize 300 H. P. The weaving plant is 
driven by steam. The company owns a 
large amont of real estate in the city, on 
which the mills and operatives' houses 
are built. In addition, they own the 
magnificent water power at Barnett 
Shoals, twelve miles lower down on the 
same river with 4,000 gross horsepower. 
They lease this power to manufacturers 
putting up such buildings as the lessees 
may desire. At present 400 H. P. is 
thus rented, and a factory building fur- 
nished, which runs 7,500 spindles in the 
manufacture of yarns. 

The Athens factories turn out cotton 
yarns, and colored goods, such as checks, 
ginghams, jeans, etc. 

The growth of the enterprise is largely 
due to the energy of Mr. R. L. Bloom- 
field, who took charge as agent in 1862. 
At that time 1,800 spindles and 40 looms 
were in operation. Mr. Bloomfield is still 
in charge and holds the confidence, not 
only of the company, but of the entire 
community, in which he has lived so 
long, and for which he has done so much. 
The company is a striking example of 
the success which is possible for cotton 
milling in this section. 

Griffith & Charbonnier, 

A city without a first-class real estate 
agency scarcely deserves the name. 
Judged by this criterion, Athens would 
stand very high, for a better and more 
reliable firm handling city real estate 
cannot be found than that of Messrs. 
Griffith & Charbonnier, who occupy 
offices on College avenue, number 14, in 
the heart of the city, and in easy reach 
of investors and land owners. Mr. W. 
D. Griffith has been identified with Ath- 
ens real estate for many years, and is, 
without doubt, the best posted man on 
matters of this kind in the city. His 
ability has been put to the test by the 
delicate and arduous work of the city 
tax assessor's office, in which he has 
served for a number of years to the en- 
tire satisfaction of all. The words of 
such a man carry weight, and his state- 
ment that Athens real estate has always 



been a secure and profitable investment 
is emphasized by his long and intimate 
experience with the land sales of this 
section. He says that Athens property 
has always shown a steady increase of 
value, and in the absence of booms, has 
never suffered from the reactions which 
follow inflated values. The firm handles 
the best real estate of all kinds in the 
city and county, and has the largest rent 
list of any agents in the city. Just at 
present they have on hand and are ad- 
vertising fine bargains in improved city 
lots, in farming lands, and in mineral 
lands lying in the counties of Habersham, 
Fannin, Union and Towns. The latter 
properties contain gold, copper and cor- 
undum, and abound in fine hard wood 
forests, and can be bought at prices from 
one dollar per acre and upwards. They 
have good homes for sale from ^1,000 
upwards, and small houses and lots, 
suited for working men, as low as ^500. 
They conduct auction sales as well as 
private sales and do a large annual busi- 
ness. 

Mr. L. H. Charbonnier, Jr., the other 
member of the firm, is an enterprising 
business man and has more especial 
charge of the insurance business done 
by the firm. Representing strong com- 
panies in fire, life and accident insur- 
ance, they place risks to best advantage 
for their customers in large or small 
amounts. The fire companies for which 
they hold agencies represent an aggre- 
gate of 75 millions of assets. In life 
assurance they represent the ^tna Life 
Insurance Company, the oldest and one 
of the best life companies in America. 
In accident insurance they place con- 
tracts as agents for the United States 
Mutual Accident Company of New 
York, the strongest company doing busi- 
ness in that line. The promptness and 
energy which characterizes this firm and 
their high integrity have won for them 
a large business and a host of patrons. 

The Lilly Land Company. 

That Athens is a growing town is well 
attested by the formation of the Lilly 
Land Company, who own a valuable 
landed property of more than one hun- 
dred acres in the southwestern part of 
the city. A reference to the city map 



ANT) THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



S3 



will indicate the location of the property 
and the ease with which it can be reached 
from both the business and residence 
portions of the city. The property is a 
very beautiful tract of upland lying ex- 
ceptionally well for building purposes, 
and covered with the grateful shade of 
pine and hard wood trees. The com- 
pany is holding the property as an in- 
vestment. They are gradually proceed- 
ing with the work of laying out broad 
avenues, winding in graceful curves, and 
destined to be lined with fine suburban 
villas. The main avenue, running north 
and south, curves with the gentle hill 
slope until it reaches the center of the 
property, when it branches into the two 
arms of a handsome oval 800 feet long 
and 200 feet broad. From the south 
end of the oval the avenue runs in gentle 
curve into the Georgia Factory road. 
When this avenue is opened it will at 
once become one of the most fashionable 
drives in the city. Already the Georgia 
Factory road is very popular with those 
who love horses, and the new avenue 
will offer a broader way and easier grades 
than the present excellent road. The 
natural advantages of this property are 
many. It is located on the top of the 
main ridge on which Milledge avenue is 
found ; it is well drained, and yet smooth 
and gentle in slope. It is very healthy, 
and the odor of the pine imparts a spici- 
ness to the air that is very refreshing. 
Well shaded, within a short distance 
from the post office, the men who own 
this property are secure in their excel- 
lent investment. The property was 
bought cheap,and the company can afford 
to sell at low figures. An investor desir- 
ous of buying a home would be wise to 
consult with the agent of this company. 
The owners are organized as a stock com- 
pany, and are as follows : Billups Phin- 
izy, president ; Arthur E. Griffith, W. 

D. Griffith, W. J. Morton, R. K. Reaves 
and R. B. Russell. 

To those who know the community, 
the names in this company is assurance 
that the best men in this city have con- 
fidence in local real estate. 

E. E. Jones & Company. 

The firm of E. E. Jones & Co rank as 
one of the oldest business enterprises 



in Athens, organized in 1870 and deal- 
ing in a large assortment of stoves, tin- 
ware and similar goods. Mr Jones was 
sole proprietor until 1891, at which time 
he associated Mr. T. S. Methvin as part- 
ner in the firm. Both of these gentle- 
men are well known throughout this sec- 
tion and rank as fine men of business. 
They sell by far the largest amount of 
goods of any house in this line and prac- 
tically control the retail stove trade of 
the city. For many years they have ap- 
pealed to the domestic comfort of house- 
keepers, by selling the splendid stove 
known as the Iron King brand, and have 
placed no less than fifty carloads of these 
stoves in the hands of local household- 
ers. They carry a large stock of kitchen 
utensils and tinware, and give employ- 
ment to two expert tin workers in the 
manufacture of standard tin goods. 
Their patronage extends throughout the 
adjoining counties and towns for which 
Athens is the recognized distributing 
point in this class of merchandise. They 
sell on small margins and liberal terms, 
and are agreeable and efficient men with 
whom to have dealings, 

Galloway, Lambert & Co. 

No city need wish for a better house 
than the one whose name is written 
above to supply the delicacies and sub- 
stantial that fill the pantry shelves of 
every good housekeeper. Fine groceries, 
fresh Jersey butter, and choice poultry 
can always be found with them. Devot- 
ing themselves largely to the retail 
domestic supply of the city, the firm 
leaves nothing undone to give a large 
line of customers complete satisfaction. 
In the three years since this store was 
opened, they have won and kept as cus- 
tomers, many of the best families of this 
city. The active business management 
is in the hands of Mr. W. E. Eppes, to 
whose good judgment and obliging 
spirit the success of the firm is due. 
The names of Mr. James Galloway and 
J. H. Lambert appear in the firm as 
largely interested in the business. Mr. 
Galloway is known from his long con- 
nection with the railroads of this sec- 
tion, and his many friends are glad to deal 
with him in commercial lines, now that 
he has given up the engine throttle. 



Si 



CLABKE COUNTY, GEOUGIA, 



Mr. Lambert is also esteemed highly in 
the community as an official in the 
National Bank. Few enterprises in 
Athens have had a more satisfactory 
growth than the business of this firm, 
and none more thoroughly satisfies its 
patrons. 

M. Myers & Co. 

A company which has done business 
in a city for thirty-five years and has 
shown a steady growth throughout its 
history is entitled to the confidence of 
its patrons and reflects great credit on 
the community in which it is found. 
Just such a firm is that of Moses 
Myers & Co., who occupy a hand- 
some new building on College avenue, 
and who have always done a large busi- 
ness in general dry goods and furnishing 
lines. During the past year they have 
built an elegant store 35x70 feet and 
three stories high, to accommodate an 
immense stock of dry goods, shoes, car- 
pets and clothing for the retail and 
wholesale trade. Possessing the confi- 
dence of the trade and selling at close 
prices, this firm employs eight men to 
wait upon the customers that throng 
their popular store. The ground floor 
is devoted to dry goods, notions and 
shoes, and the upper stories, reached by 
an elevator, contain their attractive dis- 
play of carpetings, rugs and clothing. 
Mr. Myers, the senior partner, is held in 
high esteem by the community which 
has honored him with a seat in the city 
council. Mr. Philip Stern as junior 
partner is a business man of fine judg- 
ment and address. As public spirited 
citizens and as good merchants, these 
gentlemen rank among the best in 
Athens. 

Athens Foundry and Machine Co. 

This excellent company is one of the 
oldest and strongest companies of 
Athens. It was incorporated in 1850 
with a capital of ^10,000 to do a general 
founding and casting business. The 
growth of the business, due to careful 
management and superior workmanship 
has made the enterprise one of the best 
paying investments in the city, and none 
of the present stock, amounting to 



^43,000, can be obtained for less than 
143, with none on the market. The 
present plant can make heavy castings 
up to 5,000 pounds, and the output in- 
cludes the iron work for stationary en- 
gines, cotton presses, saw and corn 
mills, plow stocks and cotton planters. 
The company make a specialty of plow 
stocks, furnishing both the wood and 
iron work of the same. The sale of 
their products is general throughout 
this section, and the plow stocks have a 
deserved reputation as far south as 
Florida. The company is managed un- 
der a board of three directors, with Mr. 
William Fleming as secretary and gen- 
eral manager. The company is a success 
in the full sense of that word and is 
ably managed. It is not only the lead- 
ing foundry in this locality, but may 
challenge that claim for the State. 

Parr Brothers. 

The Parr Brothers' business sign is 
hung over their store at 17 N. Jackson 
street, and also over their paint mill on 
West Broad street. While only three 
names appear in the firm, there are in 
fact seven brothers pursuing the busi- 
ness of house, sign and decorative paint- 
ing in Athens. They are following in 
the footsteps of their father before them, 
who was a painter, and do the large bulk 
of that business in the city and the ad- 
joining section. The senior partner of 
the firm is C. W. Parr, and with him C. 
A. and V. J. Parr are associated. Their 
work is done well and they use the best 
grades of paints. Besides exterior work, 
they have executed large contracts for 
interior wall decorations, and are pre- 
pared to do decorative tinting and similar 
work. They have recently finished the 
contract for the large First Methodist 
Church of this city in a satisfactry and 
tasteful manner. They are equally skillful 
in wall papering, for which purpose they 
carry a large stock of wall paper in hand- 
some patterns. A majority of the signs 
which adorn the business part of the 
city is the result of their handiwork. At 
the paint mill they grind and mix paints 
to order for outside parties, and prepare 
the paints used in their own contracts 
freshly mixed. 



ANT) THE CITY OF ATTTENS. 



St) 



Athens Brick Co. 
Proprietor. 



JoFin Crawford, 



The company owns large tracts of 
fine brick clay and makes an excellent 
grade of brick at the rate of 30,000 per 
day. The yards are under the experi- 
enced care of Mr. H. C. McGinty, and 



arc provided with new and improved 
machinery for both common and oil 
pressed brick. The product has given 
entire satisfaction to buyers, and the 
company is prepared to fill orders on 
short notice for any who anticipate build- 
ing. Orders are taken at John Craw- 
ford's druiT store. 



ATHENS CITY DIRECTORY. 



COUNTY OFFICERS. 

Ordinary — S. M. Herrington. 

Tax Collector — H. H. Linton. 

Tax Receiver — J. C. Carter. 

Treasurer — C. J. O'Farrell. 

Clerk of Superior Court — J. K. Kin- 
ney. 

Sheriff— J. W. Weir. 

County Surveyor — C. M. Strahan. 

Coroner — J. A. Pitner. 

Judge of City Court — Howell Cobb. 

Offices in the county court house on 
Prince avenue, at Barber street. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 

Athens District — J. F. Foster. 
Georgia Factory District — W. J. 
Bates. 

Puryears District — T. F. Tribble. 
Sandy Creek District — J. W. Collins. 
Buck Branch District — J. F. O'Kelley. 
Bradberrys District — J. R. Nunnally. 
Kinneys District — T. J. Poss. 
Princeton District — L. J. Hemrick. 

CITY OFFICERS. 

Mayor— H. C. Tuck. 
Aldermen : 

1st Ward — John McKinnon, 
— W. D. O'Farrell. 
2nd Ward — F. W. Lucas, 
— -John Gerdine. 
3rd Ward— W. P. Welch, 
— Julius Cohen. 
4th Ward— E. I. Smith, 

— J. P. Vincent. 
Clerk of Council— A. L. Mitchell. 
City Attorney — T. W. Rucker. 
City Engineer — J. W. Barnett. 



Chief of Police — H. Cobb Davis. 

Chief of Fire Department — W. A. 
Mc Dorm ant. 

Sanitary Inspector — J. C. Orr. 

City Physician — H. M. PIdwards. 

The city headquarters are on College 
avenue, between Washington street and 
Hancock avenue. 

The directory of business houses in 
Athens is designed to show the names 
of Athens merchants and the various 
lines of business followed. It will serve 
to present the business life of the city 
in compact form and to establish the 
claim that Athens is one of the best 
business centers in the south. 

Blacksmiths. 

E. H. Brown, Prince ave. 

John W. McKennon, Washington st. 
Klein & Martin Shop, Oconee st. 

F. G. Umboch, — Clayton st. 

Banks. 

Athens Exchange Bank, cor Clayton 

and Lumpkin sts. 
Athens Saving Bank, 125 E. Broad st 
National Bank, 129 E. Broad st. 
Bank OF the University, 123 E. Broad 

St. 

Barber Shops. 

Dick Harris, 117 E. Broad st. 
McQueen, 229 E. Clayton st. 

Boarding Houses. 

F. S. Morton, Hancock ave. 
Hubbard House, Hancock ave. 
Kidd's Boarding House, Clayton st. 



CLABKJE COUNTY, OEOliGlA. 



Book Stores. 

D. W. McGregor & Co., 2 College ave. 
Jackson & Burke Co., 107 E. Broad st. 

Brokers. 

Griffith & Canarbonhier, 15 College 

ave. 
G. T. Hodgson, cor. College ave. and 

Clayton st. 
F. S. Morton, i i Jackson st. 
Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. 

F. B. Lucas, 21 Clayton st. 

Butchers. 

G. M. Booth, 5 Jackson st. 
L. Bertling, 19 Jackson st. 

Clothiers. 

F. Farbstine, 207 E. Broad st. 

J. J. C. McMahan, 117 E. Clayton st. 

Chas. Morris, 218 E. Broad st. 

S. Raphael, 3 College ave. 

C. Stern & Co., 229 E. Broad st. 

E. G. Walthall, 127 E. Clayton st. 

Clubs 

Athenaeum, 10 E. Broad st. 
Germania, 119 Clayton. 

Compresses. 

Orr & Hunter, Jackson st. 
J. H. RucKER, Oconee st. 

Confectionaries. 

C. Bode, 120 E. Clayton st. 

McDowell & Son, 8 College ave. 

Miss Rosa Vonderlieth, 16 College ave 

Crocker jr. 

J. H. Huggins, 222 E. Broad st. 
Turner & Woods, 33 E. Clayton st. 

Cotton Buyers. 

J. S. Cowles, Oconee st. 
J. F. McGowan, 209 E. Clayton st. 
Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. 
J. H. Rucker, Oconee st. 
Henderson Warehouse Co., 10 W. 
Clayton st. 

Cotton Factories. 

Alpha Mills, Paper Mill. 
Athens Mfg. Co , Baldwin st. 
Georgia Mfg. Co., Whitehall. 
Princeton Mfg. Co., Princeton. 



Dentists. 

Dr. B. B. Davis. 119 E.Clayton st. 
Dr. R. I. Hampton, Southern Mutual 

Building. 
Dr. H. a. Lowrance, 19 E. Broad st. 
Dr. Quillian, 107 E. Clayton st. 

Drug Stores. 

R. T. Brumby & Co., 8 College ave. 
Cobbham Pharmacy, 499 Prince ave. 
John Crawford & Co., 12 College ave. 
City Drug Store, 104 E. Clayton st. 
E. S. Lyndon, 249 E. Broad st. 
Palmer & Kinnebrew, 105 E. Clayton 

St. 

Drjr Goods. 

G. Blumenthal, 37 E. Clayton st. 

Julius Cohen, 15 College ave. 

A Coleman, 225 E. Broad st. 

Davidson & Lowe, 109 E. Clayton st. 

Max Joseph, 223 E. Broad st. 

Abe Joel & Co., 210 E. Broad st. 

Michael Bros., 202 E. Broad st. 

M. Myers & Co., 13 College ave. 

Mendel Morris, 208 E. Broad st. 

Morris Bros., 228 E. Broad st. 

M. Morris, 230 E. Broad st. 

E. L. Michael, 234 E. Broad st. 

J. Silverman, 205 E. Broad st. 

Vess, Vonderau & Co., 127 E. Clayton 

St. 

Fancy Groceries. 

McDowell & Son, 8 College ave. 
W. A Jester, 241 E. Broad st. 
Wm. Pittman, 21 E. Clayton st. 
J. P. Wilson, 7 Jackson st. 

Furniture. 

Dorsey & Stern, 240 Broad st. 
O'Farrell & Funkenstein, 41 Clayton st. 

General Merchandise. 

A. J. Angland, 601 Prince ave. 
Henry Beussee & Co, loi Thomas st. 
H. R. Bernard, 201 Broad st 
Carithers & Whitehead, 9 Clayton st. 
D. J. Crom, 201 Hull st. 
R. G. Daniels, 104 Hancock ave. 
S. C. Dobbs, 313 E. Broad st. 
A. G. Elder, 39 E. Clayton st 
J, P. Fears & Son, 29 E. Clayton st. 
Galloway, Lambert & Co., 243 Broad. 
Griffith Bros. & West, 5 Clayton st. 
L Haddock, ioi Hancock ave. 



AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 



Wm. Haddock, 301 Prince ave. 
Jas Harbin, 595 Prince ave. 

D. Hemrick, cor Clayton and Wall sts. 
J. H. Hulme, 20 Thomas st. 
Jackson & VrNCENT, i Clayton st. 

J. S. King & Co., cor Broad and Thomas. 

sts. 
Latimer &. Johnson, hi Broad st. 
Lampkin Bros., 15 Clayton st. 
O'Farrell Si Ash, 302 E. Broad st. 
T. C. Oliver, 615 Prince ave. 
Pittard & Sikes, 7 E. Clayton st. 
W. B. Rice, 205 Hull st. 
Talmadge Bros., 23 E. Clayton st. 
W. M. Vickers, 31 W. Washington st. 
Webb & Crawford, 25 E. Clayton st. 

Hardware. 

Athens Hardware Co., 250 E. Broad 

St. 

T. Fleming & Sons, 10 Thomas st. 

E. E. Jones, 209 E. Broad st. 
Talmadge & Brightwell, ii Clayton 

St. 

Harness and Leather. 

T. G. Hadaway, 126 E. Clayton st. 

Hotels. 

Central Hotel, cor Lumpkin and Broad. 
Commercial Hotel, cor College & Broad. 
Hotel Toomer, cor Clayton & Jackson. 

Je-welers. 

A. S. Mandeville, 105 Clayton st. 
C. A. ScuDDER, 113 Broad st. 
V. W. Skiff, 233 Broad st. 

Livery, Feed, and Sales Stables. 

J. N. Booth, 18 Washington St. 
C. W. Cooper, 410 Thomas st. 
Cheney & Young, 107 Thomas st. 
Eclipse Livery Stablf:, no W. Clay- 
ton St. 
W. S. Holman, 212 Washington st. 

Laundry. 

Athens Steam Laundry, 253 W. Broad. 

St. 

Chinese Laundry, 118 E. Clayton st. 

Lawyers. 

George D. Thomas, 129 E. Broad st. 
E. T. Brown, 107 Jackson st. 
Lamar Cobb, 220 Washington st. 



R. P. Howard, 3 E. Clayton st. 
T. F. Green, 222 E. Broad st. 
Lumpkin & Burnett, Franklin Hldg., 

Broad st. 
John D. Mcll, Franklin Bldg., Broad st. 
T. S. Mell, Franklin Bldg.^ Broad st. 
Thomas & Strickland, 310 Oconee st. 
S. J. Tribble, 107 Jackson st. 
Frank L. Upsox, Franklin Bldg., Broad 

St. 

Sylvanus Morris, cor. Jackson and 
Broad st. 

Millin ery. 

Mrs. T. a. Adams, 122 E. Clayton st. 
Misses Bradberry, 124 E. Clayton st. 

Mills and Manufactories. 

G. Hauser, cigars, i College ave. 
Athens Broom Factory, Prince ave. 
Brown Planing Mill, Chattanooga ave. 
McGinty's Planing Mill, Pulaski st. 
Cotton Seed Oil Mill, Pulaski st. 
Kinney's Variety Shops, Chattanooga av. 
Talmadge's Corn Mill, E. Broad st. 

Music Stores. 

Hazelton & Dozier, 112 E. Clayton. 
Hale & Conaway, 115 E. Clayton. 

Painters. 

Parr Bros., 17 Jackson st. 
John Potts, Washington st. 
Arnold Bros, Broad st. 

Photographs. 

Maddox Bros., 109 E. Broad st. 
A. J. MiRicK, 115 E. Broad st. 
J. F. O'Kelley, 203 E. Broad st. 

Physicians and Surgeons. 

Dr. S. C. Benedict, 106 E. Clayton st. 
Dr. Jas. C. Bloomfjeld, 120 E. Clayton. 
Dr. W. A. Carlton, 107 Jackson st. 
Dr. W. B. Conway, Barber st. 
Dr. H. M. Edwards, City Physician. 
Dr Jno. Gerdine, cor Lumpkin and 

Hancock ave. 
Dr. Jacobson, 119 E. Clayton st. 
Dr. T. R. Kendall, 119 E Clayton st. 
Dr. J. E. Pope, 15 E. Broad. 
Dr. Dan D. Ouillian, 107 E. Clayton st. 
Dr. W. S. Whaley, Prince ave- 



88 



CLARKE COUNTY, GEOBGIA, 



Flumbers. 

J. H. Hull, 17 Thomas st, 

J. W. Wiggins Sr Co., 312 Broad st. 

P. J. Voss, 222 Washington st. 

Real Estate. 

Athens Park and Improvement Co., 

218 Washington st. 
Anderson & Johnson, iii E Broad st. 
C. C. Chandler, 209 E. Clayton st. 
Griffith & Charbonnier, 14 College av. 
Lilly Land Co., 123 E. Broad st. 
Mell & Linton, 115 E. Broad st. 
Geo. T. Hodgson, cor College ave and 

Clayton st. 

Shoe Stores. 

C. W. Baldwin & Co., 102 Clayton st. 
J. G. M. Edwards, 233 Broad st. 
E. L. Johnson, 127 Clayton st. 
E. I. Smith & Co., 17 College ave. 



Warehouses. 

Alliance Warehouse & Com'n Co., 

Oconee st. 
Henderson Warehouse Co., 21 Clayton 
R L. Moss & Co., 213 Clayton st. 
Reaves Warehouse Co., Broad st. 
S. F. Storey, 13 Clayton st. 

Misc ellan ecus. 

Athens Restaurant, 36 E. Clayton st. 

Western Union Telegraph, 125 E .Clay- 
ton St. 

Athens Fire Dept., 118 Jackson st. 

Athens Daily Banner, 15 Jackson st. 

Y. M. C. A., cor. Lumpkin and Clayton 
sts. 

Postoffice, 108 E. Clayton st. 

Opera House, 114 Washington st. 

High School, 113 Washington st. 

Southern Mutual Life Ins. Co., cor. 
College ave. and Clayton st. 



ERRA"1"A 



In the haste incident to rushing this book through the press in two weeks time, 
the sprites, which are always busy with playing pranks on authors, have done the 
following mischief: — 

On page 16, col. 2, line 12, " 1846" for 1S39. 

On page 33, col. i, line 9, " effected " for effective. \ 

On page 34, col. i, line 13, "particularly in" iox passing out of. 

On page 54, col. 2, line 10, "home" for homes. 

On page 56, col. 2, line 7 from bottom, ''genral" ior general. 

On page 58, col. 2, line 6 from bottom, " addion " for addition. 

On page 59, col. 2, lines 8 and 9, " iJa and 1^3 " for ]A, and % respectively. 

On page 62, col. 2, line 32, " to " for of. 

On page 63, col. i, line 38, a disastrous comma after "of." 
And a general tendency to ommision of commas elsewhere, which may shock those 
who do not endorse that practice in modern typography. 

The author trembles lest graver damage has elsewhere occurred ; but would fain 
promise that if an indulgent public shall make a second edition necessary, these 
unwelcome sprites shall be forced to seek other play grounds. 



SOMETHING 



A 
A 



About 

A Great Newspaper 

The Atlanta Constitution is the largest and best paper in the Southern 
States. Its corps of editors are among the foremost writers of the country. Joel 
Chandler Harris, who has an international fame, achieved by his "Uncle Remus" 
stories; Wallace P. Reed, the short story writer of the South ; and F. L. Stanton, 
as sweet a poet as there is in America, are regularly emyloyed on the staff. Its 
news is the freshest that labor and money can procure. 

The paper is devoted to the interest of the entire countrv, and especially to 
that of the South. 

Would you like to subscribe either for the Daily or the Weekly ? The Daily 
is only ^8.00 per year ; the Weekly $1,00 per year. If so, send a postal card to the 
Atlanta Constitution, Atlanta, Ga., informing them of the fact. 

The Seaboard Air Line 



THE NEW FREIGHT AND PASSENGER ROUTE BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH. 



The section through which this line runs offers the finest opportunities for 
farms, cotton plantations, vineyards, orchards, berryfields, lumber, granite, brown 
stone, etc. Trains on this line run solid between Norfolk, Va., and Atlanta, Ga., 
passing through Kittrells, N. C. and Southern Pines, N. C, two great winter health 
resorts of the South. The Seaboard Air Line is the best equipped road in the 
South ; its freight service is unrivaled, its passenger service unsurpassed either in 
speed, regularity or comfort. 

Freight over this system is carried daily between New York and Atlanta in 
68 hours, thus defying all competition, as its road bed is well ballasted and the rails 
heavy. Connections are made at Atlanta for all points South and West. Con- 
nections are made at Norfolk, Va., with the following freight and passenger lines : 
The Old Dominion S. S. Co. to and from New York ; the Bay Line to and from 
Baltimore; the Norfolk & Washington steamers, the Clyde Line tj and from 
Philadelphia ; the Merchants and Miners Line to and from Boston and Providence ; 
the N. Y., P. & N. R. R. to and from New York and Philadelphia, thus making 
this system the most important link between the North and the South. Any further 
information will be cheerfully furnished by 

.T:yrO. C. WHSTDBR, G, AI., RaleiiJh, A. C. O. V. SMITH, T. M., JSrorfolU, Va. 

H. 'W. B. GLOVER, D. F. * J*. A.., Atlanta, Ga. T. .7. ANnHRSOy, f- A., :yori'ollc,Va. 










^ ^^ - 



^°-;^, 




I'D- 






^^ o « o 












^°-;^. V 
>„ ^ 



40, 






'0- t^ 





















♦ V 



y 'v. 




A'^i. 




'bV'^ 





. v^ 



>0' 




■ |l|fi?-7 7 



,6UND^ 



'^^' '-<- 'j&^^ .^^ ^^^ ^yjc^^ 






r.^^ .0^ 



A 






<*. 



^o 




CLARKE COUNTY. 

GEORGIA. 

SURV*KI) AMI ORAWN WY 

^■"AKLl-S MOrIoN STRahAN. C. M E 

'893 

A«A— jjfc A«»»»— 115-7 Sijun Mi).» 
I N iJ-J»: Um W. «j 



m 



scAtror wacs 



